Digestive System Nursing PDF

Digestive system Gastrointestinal tract(Alimentary canal) consists of: Introduction: It consists o...

Digestive system Gastrointestinal tract(Alimentary canal) consists of: Introduction: It consists of set of organs involved in the digestion and absorption of Mouth(oral cavity) food. Pharynx It consists of: Oesophagus 1- Gastrointestinal tract GIT (alimentary canal) which begins from the oral cavity and ends at the anus. Stomach 2- Accessory organs assist in digestion((3 pairs of salivary glands, liver, Small intestine biliary system and pancreas) Large intestine Rectum and anal canal Oral Cavity Tongue: is a muscular organ which mixes the The oral cavity is inferior to the nasal cavity. It begins at the lips and food with the saliva continueus with the cavity of the pharynx posteriorly. Pharyngeal and begins swallowing. Subdivided into Vestibule & Oral cavity proper. part Posterior third Dorsal surface Functions 1- Digestion 2- Speech Oral part 3- Alternate air way anterior two thirds Inferior / ventral surface  Oral Cavity The Teeth Teeth: there are two sets of the teeth upper(maxillary) and lower (mandibular) ❑ Deciduous teeth 20 ❑ permanent teeth 32 Gums (gingivae) is soft tissue support(fix) the teeth to the bone. Function of the Teeth is breakdown of food into small pieces and participate in speech. Salivary glands Salivary glands produce saliva which participates in digestion of polysaccharides and protects the teeth against bacteria. There are three pairs of salivary glands 1- Parotid gland. Serous 2- Submandibular gland mixed (serous &mucous) 3- Sublingual gland. Mucous Sublingual salivary glands open by ducts into the oral cavity. gland Parotid gland Submandibular gland Pharynx Muscular tube 13 cm long. It transports partially digested food from the oral cavity to the esophagus. Ends at C6 vertbra. It consists of three parts 1- Nasopharynx behind nasal cavity. 2- Oropharynx behind oral cavity. 3- Laryngeopharynx behind larynx. Oesophagus Cervical part Muscular tube 25 cm long It joins the pharynx to the stomach. It transports the food from the pharynx to the stomach through peristalsis movement. It has three parts: Thoracic part ❑ Cervical part ❑ Thoracic part ❑ Abdominal part Abdominal part  Stomach The small intestine J- shaped dilated part of the GIT lies in the abdominal cavity below diaphragm Fundus Consists of three parts:- The internal lining mucous Duodenum membrane secretes mucous that protects stomach from the action of Body Jejunum HCL has three parts Pylorus Ileum - Fundus - Body - Pylorus Duodenum: Jejunum: site of absorption widest part of small intestine site of last stage of digestion it is 25 Ileum: cm long site of absorption Has four parts (1st ,2nd ,3rd and 4th ) it the length of both jejunum and ileum is begins from the stomach and 6 meters jejunum form upper two fifth continues with the jejunum and ileum form lower three fifth C shape encloses head of pancreas Ileum joins the cecum at ileocecal junction  Large intestine Duodenum This is about 1.5 meter long, beginning 1st at the cecum in the right iliac fossa and 2nd terminating at the rectum and anal canal 3rd Jejunum Function: 4th 1- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes 2- Excretion of feces Cecum Ileum Ileocecal Junction The accessory Organs of the digestive system Large intestine consists of: Cecum. vermiform appendix. 1- The liver ascending colon. 2- The Biliary system transverse colon. 3- The Pancreas descending colon. sigmoid colon. rectum and anal canal.  Liver: Is the largest gland in the body It lies in the upper part of abdominal cavity below the diaphragm. The liver has four lobes: (Right lobe, Left lobe , quadrate , caudate) left Right The functions of the liver: 1- Secretion of the bile 2- Detoxification of drugs 3- Metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate 4- Synthesis of vitamin A Gall bladder Inferior vena cava Biliary system - It is the duct system which drain Bile (It is a yellow fluid secreted by caudate hepatocytes). Parts of the biliary system are: left - Right and left hepatic ducts right - Common hepatic duct quadrate - Bile duct - cystic duct - Gall bladder: Lies below the liver, stores and concentrates the bile. Has fundus, body and neck. Gall bladder  Cystic duct Rt. & Lt. General Functions of Bile Bile duct joins Hepatic ducts the main Common hepatic duct They help fat digestion (bile salts) pancreatic duct to form Bile duct hepatopancreatic Essential for absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins (bile salts). duct which GB opens into the It’s alkali content → neutralization of HCl in the duodenum. duodenum Main pancreatic duct It’s mucin content acts as a lubricant and buffer in the small intestine. D Ampulla of Vater It is an excretory route for bile pigments, heavy metals, toxins, bacteria, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol and lecithin. ❑ Main pancreatic duct joins bile and Pancreas opens to duodenum ❑ accessory pancreatic duct opens lies in the posterior abdominal wall behind the stomach directly to the duodenum has four parts :Head, Neck , body and Tail. It is mixed gland endocrine and exocrine. The endocrine part secretes hormones (for e.g: insulin , glucagon ) The exocrine part secretes enzymes (pancreatic juice) which help in digestion and neutralization of gastric acids. It has duct system (main and accessory pancreatic duct)  Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): Clinical Correlations: Cause: Erosion of stomach or duodenal lining, often due to H. pylori Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): infection or NSAID use. Cause: Chronic backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus due to Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, nausea. weakened lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms: Heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Nursing Considerations: Educating on avoiding irritants (e.g., NSAIDs, alcohol), stress management, and monitoring for complications like bleeding. Nursing Considerations: Patient education on lifestyle changes (e.g., diet modifications, positioning after meals) and medication adherence. Question Which of the following is not considerd part of accessory organs of git All About pharynx is true except ; ? Start at base of the skull and ends at C6 Liver Considered part of respiratory and digestive system Pancrease Countinoue as trachea Stomach Divided into nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx Bile duct Ans.Continue as trachea Ans.Stomach  All part of larger intestine except ; About pancreas is true except; Cecum Scerete insulin and other hormones Asecending colon Has head neck and tail Descending colon Head Lies in the cavity of doudeunm Rectum Secrete Bile Ilium Ans. Secete bile Ans ilium