Plant Structure & Growth Notes PDF

Okay, here is the conversion of the provided text and images into a structured markdown format. ### Plant Structure & Growth Plants (eukaryotic, multicellular, chlorophyll, cellwalls cellulose, sessile) - composed of: - cells (fundamental unit of life) - tissues (group of cells perform a f...

Okay, here is the conversion of the provided text and images into a structured markdown format. ### Plant Structure & Growth Plants (eukaryotic, multicellular, chlorophyll, cellwalls cellulose, sessile) - composed of: - cells (fundamental unit of life) - tissues (group of cells perform a function) - organ (group of tissue perform a function) ### Plant Organs/Organ System Organ system 1. Shoot - above ground, photosynthesis, transport food & water, reproduction 2. Root - below ground, absorb water & minerals for photosynthesis, anchorage, reproduction ### Organs 1. Roots - absorb minerals, water due to root hairs (dermal cells but in roots) - store carbs - primary root (emerge from seed, form lateral roots to help anchor plant to get resources) - taproot system has vertical root (taproot) from primary root. (facilitates anchor of plant in soil, enabling for plant to grow taller and getting access to sunlight, also for food storage) - fibrous root system (anchors plant susceptible to uprooted by animals, good at preventing soil erosion) 2. Stem (support) - to elongate & orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis - elevate reproductive structures - nodes (where leaves are attached) - internodes (stem segment between nodes) - apical bud (growth is concentrated here) - axillary bud (form lateral branch) - some plant's stem help food storage & asexual reproduction 3. Leaves (provide surface area to get more resources) - main photosynthetic organ - get light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, defend from herbivores & pathogens - consists of flattened blade & petiole that joins leaf to stem node - veins (vascular tissue of leaves) - simple leaf (single undivided blade) - compound leaf (multiple leaflets of blade) --- ### Tissues Tissue system - connects all organs - Dermal tissue (plant skin protection, outermost layer) - trichomes (extra protection, reduce water loss reflect excess light) - epidermis/epidermal cells (has cuticle, waxy coating, that prevents water loss) - subsidiary cells (in stomata, regulate movement of guard cells) - guard cells (in stomata control pore to open/close) - ground tissue (filler, storage, photosynthesis, support, transport) - pith (nasa bob ng vascular tissue) - cortex (nasa labas ng vascular tissue) - both primary & secondary - grand cells - parenchyma cells (thin, flexible, metabolic functions, storage of resources, keep photosynthesis (in chloroplast) - collenchyma cells (support under epidermis, thick cellwall) - sclerenchyma cells (support also more rigid than collenchyma (due to lignin (polymer that thickens/hardens, thicker secondary cell wall) - sclerenchyma types - sclereids (lignified secondary wall) - fibers (used commercially for ropes) --- - Vascular tissue (facilitate transport of materials & mechanical support) - xylem (conducts water & dissolve minerals upward from root to shoots) - water conducting all of xylem! - highly lignified: tracheids (water moves from cell through pits) - vessel (perforation enables water to flow) - so plant won't collapse when water transports - pholem (transport sugar from photosynthesis to sites that need it) - sugar conducting cells of pholem - sieve tubes (doesn't have some cell structure therefore allows nutrients to pass more easily) - sieve plates(units of sieve tubes have pores that facilitate flow of fluid along sieve tube) -lignified is shown connecting sieve to companion cells by plasmodesmata. Companion cells help load sugar to the sive tubes to transport it all over parts of the plants -vascular bundle (xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma fibers) ### Growth 1. Primary Growth (in plants ex: herbaceous) - growth in length - apical meristems (tips of shoots & roots to extend to get sunlight) - primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, pro cambium pag nagmature → dermal, ground, vascular) - note: meristems meron active cells, na naghahati kaya nag grow may pagbaines 2. Secondary Growth (in wood therefore lignified) - growth in thickness (circumference) - lateral meristems - vascular cambium (adds vascular tissue to secondary xlyem and pholem) - cork cambium (replace epidermis with thicker tougher periderm)