BOTANY P2 REVIEWER.docx

TISSUES AND PRIMARY GROWTH PLANT TISSUE -- AGGREGATION OF CELLS COORDINATED TO PERFORM PARTICULAR FUNCTION OR SET OF FUNCTION. 3 TYPES OF TISSUES +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | GROUND TISSUE | DERMAL TISSUE | VASCULAR TISSUE | +==...

TISSUES AND PRIMARY GROWTH PLANT TISSUE -- AGGREGATION OF CELLS COORDINATED TO PERFORM PARTICULAR FUNCTION OR SET OF FUNCTION. 3 TYPES OF TISSUES +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | GROUND TISSUE | DERMAL TISSUE | VASCULAR TISSUE | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1. Bulk tissue | 1. Protection | 1. Movement of | | | | fluids or food | | 2. Storage | 2. Nutrient | | | | absorption | 2. Physical support | | 3. Processing | | | | | - PARENCHYMA | - XYLEM | | 4. Physical support | | | | | - COLLENCHYMA | - PHLOEM | | - EPIDERMIS | | | | | - SCLERENCHYMA | | | - STOMATA | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ MERISMATIC TISSUE Responsible of for primarily growth of plants. 1. EPIDERMIS -- [covers] the leaves, softer portion of STEMS and ROOTS. FUNCTION : - PROTECTS THE INNER TISSSUES from ECESSIVE EVAPORATION. - ABSORBS MATERIAL from SOIL. PARTS : A. CUTIN -- WAXY SUBSTANCE deposited in OUTER CELLS. B. STOMATA -- pores IN leaves, which ECHANGE GAS occur. C. GUARD CELLS -- contain CHLOPLAST, each pair ECLOSES STOMATA. 2. PARENCHYMA -- composed of relatively THIN WALLED, LARGE VACOULED, CYLINDRICAL, PRISMATIC or ROUNDISH CELLS WITH FLATTENED FACES. FUNCTIONS : - CONTAIN FOOD AND MANUFACTURE FOOD - STORE FOOD AND WATER 3. SCLERENCHYMA -- thin walled, STRENGTHENED CELLS. HAS TWO TYPES a. ELONGATED -- tapering fibers b. SHORT STONE -- occur in both and found in STEMS 4. COLLENCHYMA -- " KOLA " means GLUE FUNCTION ; - THICKENING 5. CORK -- waterproofed walls by WAXY SUBERIN. FUNCTION : - REPLACES RHE EPIDERMIS - PROTECT THE INNER TISSUES AGAINS EXCESSIVE EVAPORATION COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES 1. XYLEM -- CONDUCTS WATER and DISSOLVE SUBSTANCES UPWARD TO ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES and FLOWER STALKS. c. TRACHIEDS -- elongated, tapering cells which are dead at maturity. FUNCTION : STRENGTH and CONDUCTION d. VESSELS -- long, continuous tubes formed by dissolution of end walls of vertically elongated cells. e. XYLEM FIBERS -- elongated and pointed. FUNCTION : STRENGTHENING CELL with MUCH THICKENED CELL WALL. f. XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS -- storage cells. 2. PHLOEM -- CONDUCTS FOODS DOWNWARD FROM LEAVES INTO STEMS and ROOTS. a. SIEVE TUBES -- vertically elongated rows of cylindrical cells FUNCTION : CHIEF CONDUCTING CELLS OF PHOEM b. COMPANION CELLS -- aid in conduction c. PHLOEM FIBERS -- thick walled and elongated. FUNCTION : STRENGTHENING CELLS d. PHLOEM CELLS -- storage cells ROOTS AND THEIR RELATION TO SOIL ROOTS -- UNDERGROUND PORTION OF PLANT THAT LACKS BUDS, LEAVES OR NOODES AND SERVE SUPPORT, DRAWS MINIRALS AND WATER FROM THE SURROUNDING SOIL, AND STORES FOOD. TYPES OF ROOTS +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TAPROOT | FIBROUS ROOT | | | | | - Consist of ONE MAIN ROOT with | - Has SEVERAL ROOTS of the same | | smaller lateral roots coming | size that develop from the | | out of it. | end of the stem. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ FUNCTION OF ROOTS 1. Anchor 2. absorption of water 3. dissolving of minerals 4. conduction of water and minerals upward to stem 5. conduction of foods in leaves downward to growth and storage regions 6. food storage 7. reproduction 8. photosynthesis 1. ENDODERMIS -- innermost layer of the cortex of the root. FUNCTION : PREVENT WATER AND DISSOLVED MATERIALS FROM ENTERING XYLEM BY PASSING BETWEEN CELLS. 2. CASPIAN STRIP -- a band of waterproof mineral around the radial and transverse. FUNCTION : ENSURES THAT WATER AND MINERALS ANTER XYLEM BY PASSING ENDODERMAL CELLS. CROSS SECTION OF A ROOT THROUGH THE REGION OF MATURATION 1. EPIDERMIS a. ABSORBS WATER AND DISSOLVE MATERIALS FROM SOIL b. OFFER PROTECTION TO INNER TISSUES OF THE ROOT 2. CORTEX c. COMPRISES IRREGULARLY SHAPED PARENCHYMA CELL d. WATER AND FOOD STORAGE 3. PERICYCLE e. GIVS RISE TO BRANCE ROOTS WHICH FORCE THEIR WAY OUT THROUGH THE CORTEX AND EPIDERMIS 4. XYLEM f. CONDUCTS WATER, MINIRALS AND FOOD UPWARD 5. PHLOEM g. COMPOSED OF SIEVE TUBES AND COMPANION CELLS h. CONDUCTS FOOD DOWNWARD 6. PARENCHYMA i. SURROUNDING THE BANDS OF XYLEM AND PHLOEM j. STORES FOOD AND SUPPORTS OTHER TISSUES. LAYERS OF SOIL +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4. ORGANIC MATTER | little LAYER OF PLANT RESIDUE in | | | relatively UNDECOMPOSED FORM. | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. SURFACE | Layer of MINERAL SOIL with most | | | ORGANIC MATTER accumulation and | | | soil life. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. SUBSOIL | Accumulates IRON, CLAY, ALUMINUM | | | and ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, a process | | | as ILLUVATION. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3. PARENTROCK | Layer of BIG UNBROKEN ROCKS. | | | Accumulates more soluble | | | compunds. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ TYPES OF SOIL WATER 1. GRAVITATION WATER - Percolates DOWN THROUGH SOIL to the standing water BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE. 2. CAPILLARY WATER - Held LOOSESLY BY SOIL PARTICLES, available to roots of plants. 3. HYGROSCOPIC WATER - Held TENACIOUSLY BY SOIL PARTICLES after capillary has been removed. THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF ROOTS. 1. ROOT CAP -- [thimble shaped] mass moderate sized cells which forms the apex of the root and protects the merismatic cells above it. 2. MERISMATIC REGION -- compromises a mass of small, nearly [cubicle cells] with thin walls and dense protoplasm. 3. ELONGATION REGION -- [cell walls increase in length], new protoplasm is formed and vacoules increaze in size. 4. MATURATION REGION -- the [enlarged cells become differentiated] into the mature tissues of root. ROOTS AND ROOTS SYSTEM ROOTS -- A PLANTS LINK TO THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT AND PRINCIPAL WATER ABSORBING ORGANS OF PLANTS. ROOT SYSTEM -- THE ENTIRE MASS OF UNDERGROUND ROOTS PRODUCED BY THE PLANT. ORIGIN OF ROOTS 1. EMBRYO -- BABY PLANT 2. HYPOCOTYL -- PORTION OF EMBRYO 3. PRIMARY ROOT -- FIRST ROOT 4. SECONDARY ROOT -- BRANCHES OF THE PRIMARY ROOT 2 TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEM 1. TAPROOT -- one main root with many smallet lateral branch roots coming from it. g. Beets h. Carrots i. Dandelions 2. FIBROUS ROOT -- several slender roots of similar size with numerous smaller root branches a. Corn b. Wheat c. Grass CLASSIFICATION OF ROOTS 1. AERIAL ROOTS -- formed and exposed to air. a. Banyan tree b. Grey mangrove 2. PROP / STILT ROOT -- arises from the stem, penetrates the soil, and helps support the stem, as in corn ( brace root ) c. Walking palm d. Corn e. Sugar cane 3. CONTRACTILE ROOT -- roots that become shortened in length and draws plant downward. f. Onion g. Garlic 4. PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOT -- roots that are capable of photosynthesis 5. STORAGE / TUBEROUS ROOT -- storage of food and water. h. Carrots i. Sweet potato 6. NODAL ROOTS -- develop sequentially from individual nodes above the mesocotyl, beginning with the lowermost node in the are of young seedling. ( crown ) j. Corn 7. BUTRESS / TABULAR ROOTS -- large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowly rooted tree, typically found in rainforest. k. Andamans 8. PNEUMATOPHORES ROOT -- allow water logged roots to obtain oxygen which is essential for respiration l. Black mangrove 9. CAUDEX / LINGNOTUBE ROOT -- a taproot that has fused with the stem and becomes woody. m. Adenium 10. HAUSTORIAL ROOT -- modified root of parasitic plant that penetrates into host plant to acquire nutrients. 11. STRANGLING ROOT -- grows in circular or spiral pattern surroundig the tree trunk or below soil line. n. Ficus tree STEMS STEM -- THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PLANT FROM WHICH OTHER PLANT FROM WHICH OTHER PARTS CAN DEVELOP OR GROW FROM. SHOOT -- A STEM WITH LEAVES SHOOT SYSTEM -- ALL STEMS, BRANCHES, AND LEAVES OF PLANT ORIGINS OF STEMS 1. EPICOTYL -- BECOMS THE SHOOT, STEM AND LEAVES 2. RADICLE -- EMBRYONIC ROOT 3. COTYLEDON -- SEED LEAF 4. HYPOCOTYLE -- CONNECTS THE COTYLEDON AND RADICLE TYPES OF STEMS 1. AERIAL STEM -- above the ground a. Erect -- elm tree b. Climbing -- morning glory c. Prostrate -- cucumber 2. SUBTERRANEAN STEM -- underground 3. HERBACEOUS STEM -- soft and green, little growth 4. WOODY STEM -- tough and green, considerable growth in diameter 5. TREE -- a woody stemmed plant with single main stem or trunk 6. SHRUB -- a woody plant with several stems of about the same size. 7. BUDS AND LEAVES -- small proturbulence on a stem or branch, enclosed in protective scales containing undeveloped sheed, leaf, flower. GROSS INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A WOODY STEM 1. BARK -- outer part of stem 2. XYLEM --inner part of stem 3. PITH -- parenchymatous tissue 4. CAMBIUM -- layer of merismatic cells which by cell division cause increase in diameter of stem 5. CORK CAMBIUM -- outer part of bark which forms cork cells. TYPES OF COTYLEDONS IN STEMS 1. MONOCOT STEM - Contains schlerenchyma cells - Ground tissues not are differentiated - Closed type - Bundle sheath 2. DICOT STEM - Contains collenchyma cells - Ground tissues are differentiated - Open type - Bundle cap WOOD -- COMPOSED OF CHIEFLY CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN 1. SUMMERWOOD -- formed in summer 2. SPRINGWOOD -- formed in spring 3. SAPWOOD -- outer and younger wood 4. HEARTWOOD -- central wood SPECIALIZED STEMS 1. AERIAL BULBS -- large perennial bud with small basal stem and the lower end. 2. TENDRILS -- climbing organs 3. THORNS -- offer protection 4. STORAGE STEM -- for food and water storage and photosynthesis 5. RUNNERS -- produce new plant when touched to ground 6. CLADOPHYLLS -- photosynthetic and leaf like expansions of stem 7. RHIZOMES -- horizontal stem growing at or beneath the ground 8. TUBERS -- enlarged tip of rhizome 9. CORMS -- globose perennial stem with thin leaves on its surface PRACTICAL APPLICATION 1. PRUNNING -- removal of undesired branch 2. GIRDLING -- removal of complete ring to produce large fruit and flowers 3. GRAFTING -- two freshly cut stem are bound together in such fusion that their cells grow together LEAVES LEAVES -- MOST VARIABLE PLANT ORGAN EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOLIAGE LEAVES 1. BLADE -- broad flat portion of leaves 2. PETIOLE -- stalk that attaches the blade of stem 3. STIPULES -- leave like outgrown usually present in pairs at the base of petiole LEAVES 1. AUXILLARY BUD -- the bud in axil 2. AXIL -- angle between leaf and stem 3. VEIN -- line dividing, but not completely, the leaf sections 4. MIDRIB -- line diving the leave in two 5. SHEATH -- part of leaf that attaches the petiole to the stem 1. SIMPLE -- single blade 2. COMPOUND -- blade divided into two or more leaflets 3. PINNATELY COMPOUND -- leaflets are borne on an axis that is continuation of petiole 4. PALMATELY COMPOUND -- leaflet's arise from one common point at the end of petiole ARRANGEMENT 1. ALTERNATE LEAF ARRANGEMENT - one leaf at each node 2. OPPOSITE LEAFE ARRANGEMENT -- two leaves at each node 3. WHORLED LEAF ARRANGEMENT -- three or more leaves at same node LEAVES VENATION 1. PARALLEL -- veins run alongside each other from the base of the blade to the tip 2. NETTED -- veins branch out repeatedly and form a network over the blade 2 TYPES OF NETTED VENATION 1. PINNATE -- has one midrib 2. PALMATE -- several large veins LEAVES -- SHAPE 1. AWL -- [spike] leaves 2. CORDATE -- [heart] shaped leaves 3. DELTIOD -- [triangular] shaped leaves 4. ELLIPTIC -- [ellipse] shaped leaves 5. HASTATE -- [two] basal lobes 6. LANCEOLATE -- tip of lance, [broad] at the base and tapered at long point 7. LINEAR -- [long] and thin with [side parallel] 8. OBCORDATE -- [apical] and has [heart] like cleft 9. OBLANCEOLATE -- tip of lance, [narrow] at the base and broad at the tip 10. OBLONG -- [tapered] to both ends but sides more or [less parallel] 11. OBOVATE -- [ovate] with wider part toward apical tip 12. OBICULAR -- [circular] outline 13. OVATE -- [egg] shaped with larger end 14. RENIFORM -- [kidney] shaped 15. PELTATE -- with [petiole] attached to the [center] of the underside of the [blade] 16. PERFOLIATE -- with the [petiole] appearing to run through the [center of leave ] 17. SAGITTATE -- with [two basal lobes] that point [backward] 18. TERETE -- [circular] in cross section LEAVES -- APEX 1. ACUMINATE -- [sharply] pointed 2. ACUTE -- becoming [gradually pointed ] 3. TRUNCATE -- appearing to [terminate] abruptly 4. RETUSE -- [rounded] or obtuse 5. OBTUSE -- rounded [not pointed ] 6. SUBOBTUSE -- imperfectly of less [completely obtuse ] INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FOLIAGE LEAFE 1. EPEDERMIS -- protect the other layers of leaf tissue D. CUTICLE -- part of epidermis E. CUTIN -- waxy and produced by cuticle to protect leaf from dehydration F. GUARD CELLS ; G. STOMATA -- contains opening for gas exchange H. TRICHOMES -- epidermis covered with various hair like structures 2. MESOPHYLL -- occupies the central portion of the leaf and " photosynthetic tissue in the interior of the leaf A. PALISADE -- main site of photosynthesis B. SPONGY -- allows diffusion of gas 3. VEINS ( VASCULAR BUNDLES ) -- branched continuations in the mesophyll of the vascular bundles of petioles A. XYLEM -- conducts water and dissolve minerals, located in the upper side of the vein B. PHLOEM -- conducts and dissolves sugars, located in lower side of the vein LEAVES STRUCTURE 1. EUDICOT - Broad - Flattened blade and petiole - Netted venation 2. MONOCOT - Lack of petiole - Narrow and the base of the leaf often wraps around the stem - Parallel veneration 3. TRANSPIRATION -- loss of water vapor from the aerial portion of plants specially from the leaves Factors : I. Atmospheric humidity J. Air movement K. Light intensity L. Air temperature M. Soil conditions 4. GUTTATION -- exudation of water in liquid form, through poses called hydathodes 5. LEAF FALL AND AUTUMNAL COLORATION -- the chlorophyll is decomposed by light it disappears when conditioned for its renewal is unfavorable SPECIALIZED LEAVES 1. BUD SCALES -- overlapping, modified leaves which protect the internal growing tissues of the buds of most plants growing in regions of low winter temperatures or dryness 2. SPINES -- protects the plants from grazing animals A. CACTUS 3. BULB SCALES -- food storage B. TULIP C. ONION 4. WATER STORAGE LEAVES -- in succulent plants, these fleshy structures with thick layers of cutin serve for storage of water D. ALOE VERA E. STONECROP F. LIVE FOREVER 5. TENDRILS -- use these whole leaves of parts of leaves for climbing G. SWEET PEA H. GARDEN PEA 6. INSECT TRAPPING LEAVES -- attract, capture and digest insect with supplements their normal nutritional requirement I. PITCHER PLANT J. SUNDEW AND VENUS K. FLY TRAP 7. REPRODUCTIVE LEAVES -- for reproduction L. KATAKATAKA SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ( FLOWER STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES ) 1. FLOWER -- the reproductive unit of some plants ( angiosperms ) 2. FLOREN -- ( bloom or blossom ) mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum to produce seeds 3. FLORIGEN -- flower initiating hormone 4. STAMEN -- male reproductive if flower and pollen producing part of plant 5. ANTHER -- part of stamen that produces and contains pollen 6. FILAMENT -- hair like stalk that the anther sits on top of, semi rigid but slender 7. PISTIL -- structure in the center of the flower and termed as carpel consist of three regions that merge with one another 8. STIGMA -- sticky bulb in the center of the flower and receives the pollen during fertilization 9. STYLE -- long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary -- at the bottom of flower 10. OVULE ( EGGS ) -- part of ovary that becomes seeds and develops into fruit A. SUPERIOR -- if the cally and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of ovary B. INFERIOR -- when the receptacle grows up around it so the clayx and the corolla appears at the top 11. SEPALS -- outer most circle of leaves know at calyx 12. PETALS -- organ lies inside the sepals called corolla 13. COROLLA -- soft and colored to attract insects that help the process of pollination 14. PERIANTH -- calyx and corolla referred as together 15. PEDUNCLE -- occurs a specialized branch at the tip of stalk which in some instances have branchlets 16. RECEPLACLE ( torus ) the part of a flower stalk where the parts of flower are attached TYPES OF FLOWER 1. COMPLETE FLOWER -- has four kinds of flower parts C. ROSE 2. INCOMPLETE FLOWER -- lacks one or more of there kinds of flower parts A. ELM AND WHEAT 3. PERFECT FLOWER -- has both stamen ( male reproductive ) and pistil ( female reproductive ) B. ROSE 4. IMPERFECT FLOWER -- has stamen and pistil but not both C. CORN 5. MONOECIOUS -- has stamen bearing and pistil bearing flowers in the same plant D. CORN 6. DIOCIOUS -- has staminate flowers on one plant, pistillate on another E. WILLOW 7. CONNATION -- floral organs of the same kind maybe fused together 8. ADNATION -- floral organs of another type 9. REGULAR FLOWERS -- flowers with radial symmetry which are build on wheel like basis F. ROSES AND TULIPS 10. IRREGULLAR FLOWERS -- flowers with bilateral symmetry G. SNAPDRAGON AND ORCHID 11. HYPOGYNOUS FLOWERS -- the sepals, petals, and stamen are attached to the receptacle under ovary which said to be superior H. TULIP NUMBER OF FLOWERS DICOTS -- 5 TO 2 MONOCOTS -- 3 TO 6