10 Science 2nd Qtr PDF

SCIENCE – 10 Wave Period - The time required for the wave (1) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Are transverse waves that carry energy from one place to another. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that these two fields fluctuating together...

SCIENCE – 10 Wave Period - The time required for the wave (1) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Are transverse waves that carry energy from one place to another. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that these two fields fluctuating together can form a propagating crest at point A to reach point B electromagnetic wave. Speed = wavelength x frequency Maxwell's Equations: implicitly required the Velocity - Speed and direction of propagation existence of electromagnetic waves traveling at EM WAVES occupies a particular range of the speed of light. wavelength known as BAND - The different types of electromagnetic Electromagnetic Radiation (EM) waves are radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible - Also referred as ER or EMR light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and - A type of radiation that has both gamma rays. magnetic fields and electric fields - energy- carrying wave that is emitted EMR Waves Characterized By: by a vibrating charge composed of oscillating electric and magnetic - Wavelength and frequency. fields - Stronger EMR waves having higher - arranged electromagnetic in an frequencies and smaller wavelengths spectrum based on their FREQUENCY, Wave-Particle Duality WAVELENGTH and PHOTON ENERGY - Electromagnetic radiation has - can travel through anything even on characteristics of both a particle and a vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s (does wave not require any medium to travel) Types of EMR - described in terms of a stream of particles, each travelling in a wave- like MICROWAVES pattern and moving at the speed of light - high frequency but with very short - each particle contains a bundle of wavelength energy called photon - used in telecommunication Crest – the highest point of the wave - used in fixed traffic speed cameras, in Trough – the lowest cooking food and radar to determine the Wavelength (λ) - the distance between any range, altitude direction or speed of both two consecutive identical points on the moving and fixed objects waveform INFRARED Amplitude - Distance between origin and crest (or trough) - Sir William Herschel discovered the Wave Frequency (v) - Number of waves that existence of infrared during 1800 pass a point per unit time - wavelength is longer than visible light  - used to remotely determine the - generated by radioactive atoms and in temperature of the object Thermography nuclear explosions and are used in (technology used in the forms of camera many medical applications on car) - in the procedure call Gamma Knife Surgery, multiple concentrated beams of RADIO WAVES gamma rays are directed at the growth - longest wavelengths in the to kill the cancerous cell electromagnetic spectrum - used to transmit radio and television signals radio waves of the standard AM broadcast band have longer wavelengths compared to the short radio waves for the FM band Electromagnetic spectrum entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of EM waves extending from the highest VISIBLE LIGHT frequency of gamma rays to the longest radio - visible to the human eye waves and including visible light - red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest ULTRAVIOLET - shorter wavelength than visible light but longer than X-ray - produced by high temperature surface such as the sun - sensitive documents like ATM card and passport include a UV watermark that is only seen under UV emitting light X-RAY - high-energy waves that have great penetrating power and are used extensively in medical applications (with the technique called computer assisted tomography, a section of the human body can be imaged using X- rays and computer technology) GAMMA RAY SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS 1. James Clerk Maxwell - Developed equations that showed the relationship between electricity and magnetism - Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism, demonstrating that changing electric fields create magnetic fields and vice versa, which led to the discovery of electromagnetic waves 2. Heinrich Hertz - Provided experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and showed their connection to light. - Hertz confirmed Maxwell's predictions by generating and detecting radio waves, proving that light is an electromagnetic wave. 3. Hans Christian Orsted - Demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the direction of current. - Orsted discovered that an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field, linking electricity and magnetism. 4. Michael Faraday - Formulated the principle behind electromagnetic induction. - Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current, laying the foundation for electric generators and transformers. 5. André-Marie Ampère - Showed how a current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet Ampère's work on electromagnetism demonstrated that a wire carrying an electric current produces a magnetic field, influencing nearby magnets or current- carrying wires.  (2) REFLECTION Light can bounce off materials in two ways: - change in direction of a wavefront at an 1. Diffuse reflection interface between different media SO that two reflected rays go in the wavefront returns into the medium from different directions; which it originated happens in rough- textured or uneven 11.6 The Laws of Reflection surfaces The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal are all in the same plane. 2. Regular/Specular reflection reflected rays go in one directions; happens in smooth and shiny surfaces; image can be seen INCIDENT RAY – ray of light approaching the mirror REFELECTED RAY-ray of light that leaves the mirror NORMAL LINE – divides the incident ray and the reflected ray ANGLE OF INCIDENCE – between the incident ray and the normal line ABSORPTION - Transfer of carried by the light ANGLE OF REFLECTION – between the waves to the particles of matter reflected ray and the normal line5 SCATTERING – reflection of light by particles OPTICAL ILLUSION - visually-perceived images that differ from objective reality MIRROR (LOOKING GLASS) - Any object that has a smooth, shiny surface that reflects an image (reflected object) REAL IMAGE - Occurs light when rays intersect at the image, making them appear “The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of inverted or upside down reflection.” VIRTUAL IMAGE - Occurs when light rays do not meet at the image, making them appear right side up or upright TYPES OF MIRRORS 1. PLANE MIRRORS  - Object size Image Size Virtual: The image is located on the same side - Object distance from mirror= of the lens as the object image distance from mirror Upright: The image is oriented upright - Attitude (orientation) is ALWAYS upright Reduced: The image is smaller than the object - ALWAYS forms a virtual image - Image is reversed left to right 2. SPHERICAL MIRRORS - Spherical mirrors are curved mirrors. - When the object is very far from the mirror, the image point is halfway between the center of curvature and the center of the mirror - The image point will be called the focal point - The image distance will be called the focal length - If the reflecting is inside, the spherical mirror is a concave mirror. - If the reflecting surface is outside, the spherical mirror is a convex mirror. RAY DIAGRAMMING INVOLVING MIRRORS Eg:- A stainless steel RAY DIAGRAMMING – used to describe the spoon also act location, size, orientation and type of image like a mirror. formed by concave mirror The inner side RAY DIAGRAM - Traces the path that light acts like a takes in order for an individual to view a point concave mirror and the outer side acts on the image of an object like a convex mirror KEY TERMS Images formed by diverging lenses are: PRINCIPAL RAY - ray that leaves a point on an If the object is virtual, the arrow is drawn with object facing the mirror parallel to the principal a dashed line axis When an object is placed between the focal FOCAL RAY – ray that leaves the same point point (F) and twice the focal length (2F) of a on the object and immediately passes through thin diverging lens, the image is virtual, the focal point upright, and the same size as the object CHIEF RAY – ray that leaves the same point If an object is placed at a distance less than on the object and passes through the center of one focal length from a thin converging lens, the curvature of the mirror the image formed by the lens is upright, enlarged, and virtual. When an object is placed between F and 2F in RULE 1: Any ray front of a convex lens, the image formed is through the focal magnified, real, inverted and beyond 2F. point will reflect parallel to the principal RULE 2: Any ray parallel to the principle axis will reflect so that it passes RULE 3: Any ray that passes through the God bless! o This is for review analysis and REVIEWING center will reflect only. back through the o If you encounter errors and questions, feel free center to pm Pat M. on MS teams! Disclaimer – this is all based on the PowerPoints, links, THINGS TO REMEMBER IN RAY videos, and Book provided by the subject teacher. DIAGRAMMING “Prayers mo lang sapat na” [email protected] Objects are represented by arrows whose length represents the heigh of the object If the arrow points upward, the object is upright or erect If the arrow points downward, the object is inverted If the object is real, the arrow is drawn with a solid line