10 Diseases and immunity.pptx

Diseases and immunity  ? ? Cancer chickenpox Diabetes covid-19 Parkinson tuberculosis Alzheimer AIDS Epilepsy Rabies  Non- Transmissible transmissible disease disease Cancer chickenpox Diabetes covid-...

Diseases and immunity  ? ? Cancer chickenpox Diabetes covid-19 Parkinson tuberculosis Alzheimer AIDS Epilepsy Rabies  Non- Transmissible transmissible disease disease Cancer chickenpox Diabetes covid-19 Parkinson tuberculosis Alzheimer AIDS Epilepsy Rabies Transmissible disease = acquired from a pathogen (bacterium,  ? ? Tuberculosis Flu Food covid-19 poisoning Cholera Sore throat Alzheimer Rabies  Bacter viru ia Tuberculosis s Flu Food covid-19 poisoning Cholera Sore throat Alzheimer Rabies  A transmissible disease is a disease in which a pathogen can be passed from one host to another. Direct contact (physical Indirect contact (no human-to-human contact) physical human-to-human Air: Cold, flu contact) Through mixing of Food: food poisoning (bacteria) bloods or other body Water: cholera, poliomyelitis (feces fluids (touching, in water) kissing, intercourse) Animals: Dog, rats, mosquitoes Example: Aid from (rabies, malaria…) HIV, flu  Pathogen: microorganism that causes disease 2 main types of pathogen: Bacteria Viruses They are prokaryote. They are not living (unicellular organisms organisms. with no proper They are much smaller than nucleus) bacteria. They hijack living cells to Some are good, some reproduce. They can’t be killed with are bad. They can be killed by antibiotics. antibiotics. (destroy their Give each learner a small beaker containing distilled water + plastic dropper, except that one learner has a beaker containing dilute NaOH. Learners move around the room and exchange their ‘body fluid’ with three other people at random. They must remember with whom they made contact, and in what order! At the end of the activity the spread of the virus is revealed, by adding an indicator. The universal indicator will be green for most learners but will appear blue or purple for those who have been infected. Challenge learners to deduce who was ‘patient zero’, the individual who started the infection. Use a data table on a Google Document / shared spreadsheet to aid the collection of information very quickly.  What is the main words that comes to your mind when you hear “immune system”? White blood cells mucus Nose hair HCl in Skin stomach  Mechanical barrier (prevent pathogens from entering the body) Skin: made of dead cells containing keratin (protein) https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=M-IAvAZcZc8 Hairs in  Chemical barrier Respiratory syst: -Goblet cells produce sticky mucus to trap -dust and cells Ciliated bacteria sweep the mucus up the throat where it is swallowed Digestive syst: - Stomach produced hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens from food and swallowed mucus Immune syst: - White blood cells destroy pathogens that manage to pass through  Produce mucus that traps bacteria and dust Sweep the mucus away from the lungs (up to the White blood cells in action Lymphocyte/Phagocyte  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGKsGEByr0w Can you spot the mistake the narrator makes?  Antigen and antibodies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCRwuxDpthY Antibodies are released from the lymphocytes that can produce antibodies complimentary to the antigens. Some viruses (like flu) have mutations leading to them having different antigens every year, so you can get flu many times! 1.Different lymphocytes (producing different antibodies patrol antibod the blood). y 2.A pathogen 3.The lymphocytes that has shows up! complimentary antibodies is antige n activated. g g 4. Mitosis o o th th producing many pa pa en en adequate lymphocytes. 5.Some lymphocytes produce more antibodies for 6.Some immediate lymphocytes response. remain in the blood as memory cell to fight off future  Memory cells: After cloning, some lymphocytes keep patrolling the blood but this time, they already have in memory what the pathogen looks like. These lymphocytes are called “memory cells” If they meet the same pathogen, the response (production of antibodies) will be quicker, and the organism won’t fall sick (or milder symptoms). This is called ACTIVE IMMUNITY  Concentrati on of antibodies is higher. Slope is steeper. Response (production of antibodies) is faster. Lots of memory cells (with their antibodies) are already present.  Vaccinatio Vaccine contains a weakened/harmless version of n:pathogen or their antigen. the These pathogen have antigens that triggers 1.production of correct antibodies by lymphocytes 2.production of the memory cells for long-term Later the real virus/bacteria get into the body, it immunity will be defeated before it can cause the disease. This is also called ACTIVE IMMUNITY (because your body produces its own antibodies) https:// www.youtube.c om/watch? v=tgvSE0SJ_1s  Vaccination campaigns: Vaccination campaigns can help eradicate a virus. If most children are vaccinated, then the virus has no host to survive and reproduce - Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 (worldwide) - Poliomyelitis (except for a few countries) Polio vaccine consists in a few drops taken in the mouth  Poli o 2022: Pakistan and Afghanistan only Passive immunity: A person receives the antibodies. Fetus gets Baby gets Person has injection antibodies antibodies containing antibodies from the from their specific to a pathogen. pregnant mother Bitten by animal = risk mother through of rabies Body would take too through the breastfeedi placenta. ng. long to produce naturally the right antibodies against rabies and person If the person gets an usually dies! injection fast enough, he/she may be able to fight it. Passive immunity vs. active immunity Active Passive immunity: immunity: The person’s The person own receives lymphocyte are antibodies stimulated to instead of produce producing them. antibodies and (no lymphocytes memory cellsimmunity does not Passive involved) involve the production of memory cells, so it does not last long. Active immunity lasts long (sometime Controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details not required) (a) a clean water supply Water = Drinking Preparing food Washing dishes Laundry Showering Water must be filtered and treated with chlorine to remove pathogens. (Cholera) Controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details not required)  (b) hygienic food preparation Most food poisoning cases are caused by bacteria Keep bacteria away Keep cool Cook well Separate food you cook and food you eat raw Keep bacteria away Wash your hands Keep hair out of the Don’t cough/ way sneeze near food Keep animals away Keep coolSeparate food you Cook well to kill cook from food bacteria you eat raw If you put meat (containing lots of bacteria) next to fruits, bacteria will invade the fruits. The meat will be cooked so not a problem, but fruits eaten raw will be full of bacteria! Controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details not required)  Personal hygiene Swea Sebum Dirt = t (oil) Happy bacteria Bacteria in mouth Bacteria produce acid when breaking down the sugars in your mouth. Acid can cause tooth decay. Controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details not required) Waste disposal  Covered with grass Escaping gases (methane) are collected Solid waste is crushed Waterproof liner prevents leak into ground Controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details not required) You only need to get the main idea that waste water needs to be cleaned before returning to the nature! Solid Remove Clean waste Bacteri Sink, obvious Bacteri water (mainly a eat shower stuffs a sink back to feces) left , toilet (nappies, to river settles at over cotton bottom bottom solid buds, face of tank waste wipes…) Mass of recycled waste increased by 8,000,000T Mass of landfill waste increased by 4,000,000T Total amount of waste increased (32,000,000T in 2002-3 and 44,000,000T in 2006-7) In 2006-7, the mass of waste recycled is greater than the mass waste disposed in landfills (as opposed to 2002-3) In 2006-7 more rubbish is being recycled than thrown in the landfill, as opposed to 2002-3 Making goods out of recycled material decreases the need of extracting new natural resources. Recycled wastes don’t take up space as landfills. Less landfills = less chance of diseases spreading.  32,000,000T 44,000,000T 12,000,000T 12,000,000T = 37.5% 32,000,000T Disease-causing microorganism Some food poisoning are caused by (less common) pathogens not on this list. some people might have had food poisoning but did not report it (did not go to the doctor). - keep food in the fridge - separate food that will be cooked (meat) from the rest - wash hands before cooking - tie your hair/wear cooking hat - cook the food thoroughly,