1 Zoo 1 chptr 1.pptx

Chapter 1 Introduction PREPARED BY: MARICAR B. MACAL AM, MOB  Zoology  Greek zoon, animal + logos, to study  one of the broadest fields in all of science ---- variety of animals  Specialization in Zoology ֍ Ichthyology - study of fishes ֍ Herpetology -...

Chapter 1 Introduction PREPARED BY: MARICAR B. MACAL AM, MOB  Zoology  Greek zoon, animal + logos, to study  one of the broadest fields in all of science ---- variety of animals  Specialization in Zoology ֍ Ichthyology - study of fishes ֍ Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles ֍ Ornithology - study of birds ֍ Mammalogy - study of mammals ֍ Entomology - study of insects ֍ Helminthology - study of intestinal worms ֍ Carcinology - study of crabs  Specialization in Zoology ᴥ Phycology - study of algae (microscopic organisms to “seaweeds”) ᴥ Mycology - study of fungi ᴥ Protozoology - study of one celled organisms (amoeba) ᴥ Primatology - is a study of living and extinct primates (monkeys, apes) ᴥ Parasitology - study of parasites ᴥ Malacology - study of mollusks (snails, slugs, octopus) ꙭ Conchology - study of mollusk shells ᴥ Arachnology - study of arachnids (spiders, scorpions) ᴥ Cetology - study of marine mammals (whales, dolphins, etc) Algae  Specialization in Zoology ¤ Ethology - study of animal behavior ¤ Anatomy – study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts ¤ Cytology – study of the structure and function of cells ¤ Histology – study of tissues ¤ Embryology – study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatching ¤ Physiology – study of the function of organisms and their parts ¤ Genetics – study of the mechanisms of transmission  Specialization in Zoology ∞ Zoogeography – study of the geographical distribution of animals in the world ∞ Paleontology – study of fossils and past life ∞ Evolution – study of the origin and differentiation of animal life ∞ Conservation Biology – the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife ∞ Systematics – study of the classification of organisms ∞ Ecology – study of the interaction of organisms with their environment Kingdo Cell Number of Nutrition Other details cells m type Eubacter prokaryoti unicellular includes most of the autotrophy bacteria that affect your ia c & life (disease-causing bacteria) heterotroph y Archaebact prokaryoti unicellular autotrophy live in harsh eria environments such as c & sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, & in heterotroph anaerobic environments y includes euglena & Protist eukaryoti mostly autotrophy amoebas a c unicellular & heterotroph y includes molds, Fungi eukaryoti mostly heterotroph mushrooms, & yeasts c multicellul y ar includes mosses, ferns, Plantae eukaryoti multicellul autotrophy cone-bearing plants c ar (gymnosperms), &  Saprotrophic/Scavengers – feeding on dead and decaying organisms ◦ Earthworms ◦ Fungi Parasitic – feeding on living animals ◦ Head lice ◦ Leeches ◦ Mosquitoes Holozoic – eating other organisms ◦ Herbivores – eat plants ◦ Carnivores – eat flesh of other animals ◦ Omnivores - eat both plants and flesh of other animals  Hierarchy of relatedness seven levels of classification: ◦King Philip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup ◦kingdom ◦phylum ◦class ◦ order ◦ family ◦ genus ◦ species binomial nomenclature by Karl von Linnaeus names are based on Latin words; capitalized the genus; print italics or underline it  CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE LIFE IS ORGANIZED LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS LIVING ORGANISMS RESPOND LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE Levels of Biological Organizati on The Human 11 Body Systems  LIFE REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY Food provides nutrients, which are used for energy Ultimate source of energy for all life on earth is the sun  LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis – ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for survival Organisms are able to control their internal condition in which they can function effectively  LIVING ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS Some ways homeostasis is maintained: ◦basking in the sun (Iguana) ◦cooling off with water (Elephant) ◦seeking shade (Chickens) ◦huddling for warmth (penguin chicks) LIVING ORGANISMS RESPOND All LT respond to stimuli --- IRRITABILITY A stimulus is anything that causes a response/reaction ◦ Sound, touch, smell, taste, light  LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE & DEVELOP The ability to reproduce other individuals of the same species May either be sexual or asexual Involves replication of genetic materials (DNA) that are passed on to the next generation LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE & DEVELOP  LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS  Adaptation – a process in which an organism becomes fitted to its environment  Inherited changes that occur over time and help the species survive 1)Coping with abiotic factors (e.g. cold/winter) Migration Heavy fur Hibernation  LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS 2) Obtaining food Long neck Long snout Web Long & sticky tongue 4-chamber stomach (cattle, deer)  LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS 3) Escaping predation Running ability Quills Bad smell Cryptic coloration/ Camouflage  LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS Finding/Attracting mates Exotic plumage Sex attractants/pheromones Elaborate “head gear”  Warm-Blooded (endothermic) animals oWarm-blooded animals can regulate their own body temperature they shiver when cold and seek shelter to increase their comfort when hot, they sweat or pant to cool themselves  Cold- Blooded (ectothermic) animals cold-blooded animals do not generate their own heat but must take on the temperature of their environment  they may go and lay in the warm sun to heat themselves or burrow into the soil to find cooler shelter  hibernation, special blood chemicals, and crowding together to conserve heat are also ways that different cold-blooded animals can heat themselves - The end -