The Universe PDF

 Core Subject Description This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of the Earth on a planetary scale. It presents the history of the Earth through geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s structure and composition, the processes that occur b...

 Core Subject Description This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of the Earth on a planetary scale. It presents the history of the Earth through geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s structure and composition, the processes that occur beneath and on the Earth’s surface, as well as issues, concerns, and problems pertaining to Earth’s resources. The Evolution of the Universe  Composition of the Universe Cold Dark Matter 4.6% Matter that has gravity Baryonic Matter but does not emit light. “Ordinary” matter 24% consisting of protons, Dark Energy electrons, and Source of antigravity. It neutrons: atoms, 71.4% can explain the planets, stars, galaxies, observed accelerating nebulae, and other expansion of the bodies. universe. Baryonic Matter Cold Dark Matter Dark Energy Stars are the building block of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually result into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a protostar - the core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions set in. H C N He O The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary system. A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space. NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun. The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon. In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon, respectively. Creationism Throughout history many ideas about the origin of the universe was hypothesized. These ideas range from: Creationism - where a Supreme Being (God) created the universe, to more scientific views such as The Big Bang Theory. Regardless, early ideas (paradigms) changed with time as new evidence was discovered to change initial models and theories of the universe. SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT  Big Bang Theory This theory explains the origin of the universe and suggests that the universe, our solar system included, is part of an expanding system where all galaxies are moving farther away with each passing day. Time begins The universe begins ~13.7 billion years ago. The universe begins as the size of a single atom. The universe began as a violent expansion. All matter and space were created from a single point of pure energy in an instant.  ~ 3 minutes after big bang The universe has grown from the size of an atom to larger than the size a grapefruit. E=mc2 Energy froze into matter according to Albert Einstein’s equation. This basically says that like snowflakes freezing, energy forms matter into clumps that today we call protons, neutrons and electrons. These parts later form into atoms. ~ Several hundred thousand years after Big Bang ATOMS form (specifically Hydrogen and its isotopes with a small amount of Helium). The early Universe was about 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium. It is still almost the same today. ~200 to 400 million years after Big Bang 1st stars and galaxies form  Our Solar 4.6 billion years System forms ago Misconceptions about the Big Bang Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing there was no explosion; its contents, imagine a there was (and continues balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon to be) an expansion expanding to the size of our current universe Space began inside of the we tend to imagine the singularity. Prior to the singularity as a little fireball singularity, nothing appearing somewhere in existed, not space, time, space matter, or energy - nothing. Big Bang Evidence Universal 3-degree expansion and background Quasars Hubble’s Law radiation Stellar Speed of light Radioactive formation and and stellar decay evolution distances Universal expansion and Hubble’s Law a) Hubble observed most galaxies are moving away from us and each other b) The farther, the faster they move c) Red Shift  The Doppler Effect Inside the Car Outside the Car  Background Radiation a. Noise radiation (static) is evenly spread across space. b. The amount of radiation matched predictions. c. COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer satellite confirmed for the entire universe that noise radiation (static) is evenly spread. d. Law of Conservation of Energy – energy remains constant over time. Quasars - super large (solar system size) galactic cores that put out more light than whole galaxies Only found 10-15 billion light years away Found nowhere else Nothing exists past them  Radioactive Decay Radiometric dating – gives us the age of items from the decay of radioactive materials found within the object Moon rocks have been dated and found to be older than Earth Gives us an estimated time that Earth and the Moon formed  Stellar Formation and Evolution We observe the life cycles of stars across the universe using tools such as satellites and telescopes We view stars form, burn and explode  Speed of light and stellar distances The speed of light is a universal constant of 300,000,000 m/s (3 × 108 m/s) We observe stars millions/billions of light-years away A light-year is the distance that light travels in 1 year – the light we see today from a star 500 light years away is 500 years old. 1 light year = 9.4605284 × 1015 meters The farthest stars away are 10-15 billion light years away We have telescopes that can see further, but there isn’t anything viewable.  Steady State Theory The now discredited steady state model of the universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle. It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density. Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background. The Theory The universe is always the same, all the time, always static, always contracting or expanding. The Logic Based on theoretical mathematical calculations. No sudden beginning to universe. THE LOGIC Decrease in density caused by expansion balanced by continuous creation of matter condensing into galaxies. Maintain forever present appearance of the universe. The Workings Reservoir of energy is negative: Expansion The and creation work against eachWorkings other. Small number of atoms needed annually to maintain steady state. The Contributions Explains hydrogen Contributes to and helium Wheeler- abundance in the Feynman Theory universe The Refutation Distribution of Radio Sources 1966: Discovery of Quasars Cosmic Background Radiation The Meaning Radio galaxies and quasars occur only at very large distances Implies red-shift Thus, evolution of universe  Oscillating Universe The Oscillating Universe Theory is a cosmological model that combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. That is, if this theory holds true, then the Universe in which we live in exists between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch. Oscillating Universe  Inflationary Universe It is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. The inflationary epoch is believed to have lasted from 10−36 seconds to between 10−33 and 10−32 seconds after the Big Bang. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The acceleration of this expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old.  Multiverse The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes. Together, these universes are presumed to comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The different universes within the multiverse are called "parallel universes", "other universes", "alternate universes", or "many worlds". One common assumption is that the multiverse is a "patchwork quilt of separate universes all bound by the same laws of physics." LASTLY – we are pretty sure everything has a beginning, right? Submit a brief report on the following topic/questions. 1. What is the fate of the universe? 2. Will the universe continue to expand, or will it eventually contract because of gravity?  Margins: 1-inch on each sides F FORMAT or Bond paper Size: Long m Font Style: Times New Roman at Font Size: 12 Spacing: Double-spaced Alignment: Left Proper citation is required. Write your references at the bottom of the sheet in APA format (it can be reflected on a separate sheet).