Universe and Solar System 1st Term PDF

EARTH SCIENCE MS. CATHERINE U. BAYLAN, LPT, MIE  EARTH SCIENCE STUDY OF EARTH AND ITS NEIGHBOR IN SPACE. GEOLOGY - SCIENCE OF EARTH METEOROLOGY - SCIENCE OF ATMOSPHERE ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE OF UNIVERSE OCEANOGRAPHY - SCIENCE OF OCEANS THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE...

EARTH SCIENCE MS. CATHERINE U. BAYLAN, LPT, MIE  EARTH SCIENCE STUDY OF EARTH AND ITS NEIGHBOR IN SPACE. GEOLOGY - SCIENCE OF EARTH METEOROLOGY - SCIENCE OF ATMOSPHERE ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE OF UNIVERSE OCEANOGRAPHY - SCIENCE OF OCEANS THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE  BIG BANG THEORY ALEXANDER FRIEDMAN AND GEORGES LAMAITRE, 1920 13.7 BYA - THERE WAS NOTHING. GREAT EXPLOSION OCCURED SPACE, TIME, MATTER, AND ENERGY IN ALL DIRECTIONS. TINY COMPACT POINT - SINGULARITY FURTHER PROCESS BEGAN.  1. INFLATIONARY EPOCH (10-35 S) - EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE. 2. FORMATION OF UNIVERSE (10-6 S) - QUARKS, ELECTRONS, PHOTONS, NEUTRINOS. 3. BASIC ELEMENTS FORMATION (3S) - PROTONS + NEUTRONS TO FORM H+ NUCLEI. H+ NUCLEIC BEGAN TO COMBINE TO FORM HE NUCLEIC. “NUCLEOSYNTHESIS” 4. RADIATION ERA (10,000 YRS.) - FORMED THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKROUND RADIATION --> RADIATION LEFT OVER FROM EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSE.  5. MATTER DOMINATION (300,000 YRS.) - LITHIUM BEGAN TO BE FORMED. ELECTRONS JOINED WITH H AND HE NUCLEI TO MAKE SMALL NEUTRAL ATOMS. 6. STARS AND GALAXIES (300M YRS.) - AREAS OF GAS BECAME DENSER AND THEN COLLAPSED RESULTING TO IGNITION. THIS HUGE CLOUDS OF GAS WILL GIVE BIRTH TO MORE STARS AND GROUP OF STARS WILL FORM GALAXIES. Galaxies move Presence of Cosmic away from each Microwave other. Background THREE PROBLEMS WITH THE BIG BANG  FLATNESS - THE BIGBANG THEORY SAYS THAT THERE SHOULD BE CURVATURE AS TIME GROWS BUT THE WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) REVEALED THAT THE GEOMETRY OF THE UNIVERSE IS NEARLY FLAT. HORIZON - BASED ON THE BIGBANG EXPANSION, DISTANT REGIONS OF SPACE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS OF THE SKY ARE SO FAR APART THAT THEY COULD NEVER HAVE BEEN IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. BUT THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SHOWS THAT THEY MUST HAVE BEEN IN CONTACT IN THE PAST. MONOPOLE - THE BIGBANG THEORY PREDICTED THE PRODUCTION OF HEAVY STABLE MAGNETIC MONOPOLES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE BUT AT PRESENT, THERE WERE NO OBSERVABLE MAGNETIC MONOPOLES.  Inflation Theory PROPOSED BY ALAN GUTH, ANDREI LINDE, PAUL STEINHART, AND ANDY ALBRECHT WHICH OFFERED SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY. PROPOSES THAT THERE WAS A PERIOD OF EXPONENTIAL EXPANSION PRIOR TO THE “BIG BANG EXPANSION”. DURING THE RAPID EXPANSION, THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF APPROX. 1026 IN ONLY A FRACTION OF A SECOND. SOLUTION TO THE 3 BIG BANG PROBLEMS  FLATNESS - INFLATION STRETCHES ANY INITIAL CURVATURE OF THE UNIVERSE THUS WE SEE THE UNIVERSE AS A FLAT SYSTEM. HORIZON - EXPONENTIAL EXPANSION IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE PRESUPPOSES THAT THE DISTANT REGIONS WERE MUCH CLOSER TO EACH OTHER PRIOR TO INFLATION. MONOPOLE - THE INFLATION THEORY ALLOWS THE EXISTENCE OF MONOPOLES PROVIDED THEY WERE PRODUCED PRIOR TO THE PERIOD OF INFLATION.  STEADY STATE BONDI, GOLD, AND HOYLE, 1948 THEORY IS A VIEW THAT THE UNIVERSE IS ALWAYS EXPANDING BUT MAINTAINING A CONSTANT AVERAGE DENSITY. MATTER BEING CONTINUOUSLY CREATED TO FORM NEW STARS AND GALAXIES AT THE SAME RATE THAT OLD ONES BECOME UNOBSERVABLE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THEIR INCREASING DISTANCE AND  OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY OUR UNIVERSE CAN BE THE FIRST OF A POSSIBLE SERIES OF UNIVERSES OR IT CAN BE THE NTH UNIVERSE IN THE SERIES. THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE THEORY IS A MODEL OF COSMIC EVOLUTION ACCORDING TO WHICH THE UNIVERSE UNDERGOES ENDLESS CYCLES OF EXPANSION AND COOLING, EACH BEGINNING WITH A “BIG BANG” AND ENDING IN A “BIG CRUNCH”. BUZZ SESSION ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM  DESCARTE'S VORTEX THEORY - PROPOSED BY RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) WHICH STATES THAT THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED INTO BODIES WITH NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS BECAUSE OF THE WHIRLPOOL-LIKE MOTION IN THE PRE SOLAR MATERIALS. PRIMARY WHIRLPOOL MOTION --> ORBITS SECONDARY WHIRLPOOL MOTION --> SATELLITES  BUFFON'S COLLISION THEORY - PROPOSED BY GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON (1707-1788) WHICH STATES THAT THE PLANETS WERE FORMED BY THE COLLISION OF THE SUN WITH A GIANT COMET. RESULTING DEBRIS FORMED INTO PLANETS.  KANT - LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY - BASED ON THE IDEAS OF DESCARTES, IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) AND PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE (1749-1827) WHICH SUGGESTED THAT A GREAT CLOUD OF GAS AND DUST CALLED NEBULA BEGINS TO COLLAPSE BECAUSE OF GRAVITATIONAL PULL. -AS THE CLOUD CONTRACTS, IT SPUN MORE RAIDLY FORMING A BULGE AT THE CENTER THAT WILL LATER BE THE SUN. AS THE NEBULA COLLAPSES FURTHER, LOCAL REGIONS CONTRACT ON THEIR OWN DUE TO GRAVITY AND THERE WILL FORM THE PLANETS. JEANS JEFFREY'S TIDAL THEORY - PROPOSED BY SIR JAMES HOPWOOD JEANS AND HAROLD JEFFREYS WHICH STATES THAT THE PLANETS WERE FORMED FROM THE SUBSTANCE THAT WERE TORN OUT OF THE SUN WHEN A MASSIVE STAR PASSED NEAR THE SUN. THE MATERIALS CONDENSED TO FORM THE PLANETS.  SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY - THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED AS A RESULT OF CONDENSATION OF HYDROGEN GAS AND DUST CALLED AS INTERSTELLAR GAS AND DUST CLOUD. -DUE TO THE EXPLOSION OF STAR CALLED AS SUPERNOVA, THE CLOUD BEGAN TO COLLAPSE (DUE TO GRAVITY) FORMING THE SUN AND THE PLANETS. PLANETISIMALS --> FORMED FROM FIRST STAGE OF ACCRETION OF GRAIN SIZED PARTICLES FROM THE NEBULA. PROTOPLANETS ---> MASSIVE OBJECTS THAT ARE FORMED FROM THE COALESCING PLANETISIMALS.  FOR YOUR INFORMATION ASTEROIDS - MADE UP OF ROCKS AND ARE SOMETIMES CALLED “MINOR PLANETS” CERES -> 1ST KNOWN ASTEROID. NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS -> ASTEROIDS PERTURBED OUT OF THE ASTEROID BELT AND MY COME CLOSE TO EARTH. COMETS - COMPOSED MAINLY OF ICE (FROZEN WATER AND GAS) KUIPER BELT - OUTERMOST REGION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. REGION WHERE HALLEY'S COMET CAME FROM. OORT CLOUD - FARTHER THAN KUIPER BELT.  CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS TERRESTRIAL PLANETS - “EARTH-LIKE” PLANETS OR SOMETIMES REFERRED AS “INNER PLANETS”. COMPOSED MOSTLY OF DENSE, ROCKY, AND METALLIC MATERIALS. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS JOVIAN PLANETS - “JUPITER-LIKE” PLANETS OR “GAS PLANETS” MADE UP MOSTLY OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM.  PLUTO ORBITS THE SUN HAS SUFFICENT MASS FOR ITS SELF GRAVITY IS NOT A SATELLITE HAS NOT CLEARED THE NEIGHBORHOOD AROUND IT. THUS, PLUTO IS CLASSIFIED AS A DWARF PLANET JUST LIKE ERIS, CERES, HAUMEA AND MAKEMAKE