Site Planning Lecture 01 PDF

AP321 – PLANNING 1 SITE PLANNING Arch. HUBERT C. MISLANG Pangasinan State University “For every site there is an ideal use. For every use there is an ideal site.” John Ormsbee Simonds SITE PLANNING Site planning is the art and science of...

AP321 – PLANNING 1 SITE PLANNING Arch. HUBERT C. MISLANG Pangasinan State University “For every site there is an ideal use. For every use there is an ideal site.” John Ormsbee Simonds SITE PLANNING Site planning is the art and science of arranging the structures on the land and shaping the spaces between, an art of arranging uses of land linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning. Site plans locate objects and activities in space and time. These plans may concern a small cluster of houses, a single building and its grounds, or something as extensive as a small community built in a single operation. Site Planning, Kevin Lynch, 1990 Site planning is the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. These uses are designated in detail by selecting and analysing sites, forming land uses plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, providing proper drainage, and developing the construction details necessary to carry out the projects. A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning, Harvey M. Rubenstein, 1996 RELATED PROFESSIONS Site planning is professionally exercised directly by landscape architects, but there are related professions involved which are architects, urban and regional planners, AND engineers. On larger commissions, the landscape architect often serves as a member of a closely coordinated professional team, which includes architects, engineers, planners, and scientist- advisors. OBJECTIVES 1. To learn and practice a logical method of fitting design programs and sites harmoniously. 2. To understand interaction of the following factors in design process i. Natural forces (landscape) ii. Socio- economic forces (planning) iii. Technological functions (architecture and engineering) 3. To understand the site development process by observing natural and human factors affecting the form and appearance of the environment. 4. To collect information and data concerning planning or design issue. 5. To classify and analyse the data. 6. To make recommendations for issues at hand. 7. To draw guidelines for planning, architecture and landscape disciplines.  HISTORY/ BASIC PRINCIPALS There are four basic models of Site Planning in history 1. Fixing the Place 2. Defining the Enclosure 3. Sense of Order 4. Form of Axial Fixing the space Defining the enclosure Sense of order The form of axial Source: Site Planning : Lynch, K. , 1990.  HISTORY/ BASIC PRINCIPALS 1. Fixing the Place The image and form of the object building are capable of fixing a place. Fixing the space Source: Site Planning : Lynch, K. , 1990. Fixing the space  HISTORY/ BASIC PRINCIPALS 2. Defining the Enclosure: A collection of Independent structures, which although unattached, create a coherent image of place. Defining the enclosure Source: Site Planning : Lynch, K. , 1990. Defining the enclosure  HISTORY/ BASIC PRINCIPALS 3. Sense of Order The form of a building can be such that a place may be fixed by the enclosure of the facades. Sense of order Source: Site Planning : Lynch, K. , 1990. Sense of order  HISTORY/ BASIC PRINCIPALS 4. Form of Axial Although the kinetic implications of the word “path” are somewhat contradictory, paths are nonetheless capable of forming coherent, meaningful images. The form of axial Source: Site Planning : Lynch, K. , 1990. nonetheless The form of axial PROCESS The site design process is divided into three sections: 1. Research Phase: Defining the problem and its definition. 2. Analysis Phase: Integrating site and use functions. 3. Synthesis Phase: A program is developed as a solution to problem at hand.  PROCESS Synthesis Phase Source: Site planning and design process: James A. LaGro, Site Analysis: A Contextual Approach to Sustainable Land Planning and Site Design, 2007. METHODS OF ESTABLISHING A SITE 1. Site Selection Process: Selection of site from a list of potential sites that best suits the given use and requirements of the project. 2. Development Suitability Process: Selection of the best possible use and development suited for a given site. FACTORS INFLUENCING SITE SELECTION AND RESOURCE ANALYSIS 1. Natural factors i. Geology ii. Geomorphology: physiography, landforms, soils, drainage, topography and slopes, and soil erosion iii. Hydrology: surface and ground water iv. Vegetation: plant ecology v. Wildlife: habitats vi. Climate: solar orientation, wind, and humidity FACTORS INFLUENCING SITE SELECTION AND RESOURCE ANALYSIS 2. Cultural factors i. Existing landuse: ownership of adjacent property, off-site nuisances ii. Traffic and trasit: vehicular and pedestrian circulation on or adjacent to site iii. Density and zoning: legal and regulatory controls iv. Socio economic factors: population, population density, literacy, sex ratio, occupation pattern, ethnicity, cultural typology v. Utilities: sanitary, storm- water, water supply, power supply, and communications vi. Historic factors: Historic buildings, landmarks, and archaeology FACTORS INFLUENCING SITE SELECTION AND RESOURCE ANALYSIS 3. Aesthetic factors i. Natural factors ii. Spatial patterns – spaces and sequences iii. Visual resources – views and vistas 1. NATURAL FACTORS  GEOLOGY The natural science that studies the earth – its composition; the process that shaped its surface; and its history. Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt and dust). Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks  GEOMORPHOLOGY The branch of geology that deals with the origin, nature, and distribution of landforms. i. Physiography – refers to the description of landforms ii. Landforms – Irregularities on the earth’s surface, derived from volcanic, glacial, or erosion process. Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geomorphology-map-of-the-study-area_fig5_299645586  GEOMORPHOLOGY The branch of geology that deals with the origin, nature, and distribution of landforms. i. Soil Properties – composition and soil texture ii. Drainage iii. Topography and Slopes iv. Soil Erosion Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geomorphology-map-of-the-study-area_fig5_299645586 GEOMORPHOLOGY: SOIL PROPERTIES Soil surveys help guide in site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that involve surface and subsurface structures. The most important features, or properties used to describe soil for the use in site design are: Composition: materials which make up soil (mineral particles, organic matter, water and air) Texture: term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample. Are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about bearing capacity; internal drainage, erodibility , and slope stability. GEOMORPHOLOGY: DRAINAGE Good drainage refers to the soils ability to transfer gravity water downward through: Infiltration – the rate at which water penetrates the soil surface (usually measured in cm or inches/ hour) Permeability – the rate at which water moves within the soil through a given volume of material (usually measured in cm or inches/ hour) Percolation – the rate at which water in a soil pit or pipe within the soil is taken up by the soil (measured in inches/ hour) Poor drainage means that gravity water is not readily transmitted by the soil and soil is frequently or permanently saturated and may have water standing on it caused by: The local accumulation of water A rise in the level of groundwater within the soil column The size of the particles in the soil being too small to transmit infiltration water. GEOMORPHOLOGY: TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES Slope is the measure of steepness or the degree of inclination of a feature relative to the horizontal plane. Gradient, grade, incline and pitch are used interchangeably with slope. Understanding slope forms for site design requires understanding of local geologic, soil, hydrologic and vegetative conditions. Following (illustrated) four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps Gentle Slope Steep Slope Concave Slope Convex Slope  GEOMORPHOLOGY: TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES Angle of Repose – Angle at which soil can be safely inclined and beyond which it will fail. Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geomorphology-map-of-the-study-area_fig5_299645586 GEOMORPHOLOGY: TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES Topographic Map – A map of a portion of the earth which describes the shape of the earth’s surface by contour lines Contours – they are the imaginary join points of equal elevation surface of the land above reference surface such as sea level. Contours make it possible to measure the height of mountains, measure ocean bottoms, and steepness of slopes.  GEOMORPHOLOGY: SOIL EROSION When rocks are broken down (weathered) into small fragments, and carried by wind, water, ice and gravity. Energy required for this process is solar and gravitational. Four factors which are considered in forecasting erosion rates are: Vegetation Soil Type Slope, size and inclination Frequency and intensity of rainfall Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geomorphology-map-of-the-study-area_fig5_299645586 HYDROLOGY The natural science that studies the waters on earth, their occurrence and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to the living environment including their relation to all living things. Hydrologic cycle – the movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the continents and back to the sea. Water table – the upper boundary of the zone of groundwater; the top of unconfined aquifer. Diagrammatic representation of hydrological cycle, and water table HYDROLOGY Aquifer – A permeable geological stratum or formation that can both store and transmit groundwater in significant qualities. Diagrammatic representation of an aquifer HYDROLOGY Watershed – A geographic area of land bounded by topographic features and height of land that captures precipitation, filters and stores waters and drains waters to a shared destination. Knowledge of watershed boundaries is critical to water quality and storm water management. Diagrammatic representation of a watershed VEGETATION The relevance of plant materials in planning are: i. Climatic control ii. Environmental Engineering iii. Architectural and Aesthetic uses VEGETATION: CLIMATE CONTROL Solar radiation – It is the Earth’s source of light and heat. It warms the earth’s surface, is reflected by paving and other objects, and produces glare. Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because: They block or filter sunlight; They cool the air under their canopies providing natural air conditioning. Precipitation – Plants help to control precipitation reaching the ground. By intercepting rain and slowing it down, they aid in moisture retention, and in the prevention of soil erosion. They also help retain water by providing shade, or protection from the wind, or by water shedding function of trees roots. VEGETATION: CLIMATE CONTROL Wind – It helps to control temperature. When winds are of low velocity, they may be pleasant, but when velocity increases, it may cause discomfort or damage. Trees help to buffer winds in urban areas caused by convection and Venturi effects. VEGETATION: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Air Purification – Plants clean air through the process of photosynthesis where they use up carbon dioxide emissions of cars and trucks and in the process release oxygen into the air. Trees also help filter out other pollutants, i.e. sulphur dioxide, dust, pollen and smoke. Noise – Sound energy usually spreads and dissipates in transmission. Sound waves can be absorbed, reflected or deflected. Plants absorb sound waves through their trunks, leaves, branches, twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles (stem of leaf). Glare and reflection – Plants reduce glare and reflection caused by sunlight. Plants may be used to filter or block glare by use of plants with the appropriate size, shape, and foliage density. Erosion Control – Plants are primary means of preventing erosion from storm water runoff and controlling erosion during construction. Vegetation with extensive root systems imparts stability to slopes.. VEGETATION: ARCHITECTURAL AND AESTHETIC USES Space Definition – Plants can help in several ways; as wall elements to form outdoor spaces, as canopies to provide shade, or as ground covers to provide colour and texture on the base plane. View Control – While trees and shrubs can screen out objectionable views, they can also provide backdrops, or filtered views of buildings or spaces. Mood – Plants affect peoples’ mood. WILDLIFE Relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three group of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are: i. Open land wildlife ii. Woodland wildlife iii. Wetland wildlife CLIMATE It is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time; it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations) that, over short time periods, constitute weather. Climates can be generally classified as Cold, Temperate, Hot arid and Hot humid. In each, a site should be investigated in terms of: i. Solar orientation for the buildings ii. Best facing slopes iii. Wind flow Source: http://hanschen.org/koppen/img/koppen_all_1901-2010.png SOLAR ORIENTATION FOR THE BUILDINGS i. The orientation of the building is influenced by the amount of solar radiation falling on different sides at different times. ii. Buildings are best arranged in clusters for heat absorption, shading opportunities and protection from east and west exposures. iii. The larger building dimension should face north and south. BEST FACING SLOPES i. Temperatures vary with elevation – by about 3 - 5 degrees for every 1000 ft. (300 m). ii. The more perpendicular a slope is to the rays of the sun, the warmer the surface temperature WIND FLOW Abrupt forms cause unpleasant air turbulence Smooth forms induce smooth flow of air 2. CULTURAL FACTORS EXISTING LAND USE Land Use Plans are available in each city to determine the areas for commercial, institutional, residential, and open space uses. These are planned according to the most rational use of land in relation to the natural and socio- economic factors.  Proposed zoning and land-use plan for 2021 for the city of Ahmedabad Source: https://www.hcp.co.in/project/auda-development-plan-2021 TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS i. The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and outside of the site. ii. Efficient traffic and transportation systems will result in successful integration of the different developments in the vicinity. iii. Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will help establish points of highest visual impact for the site. iv. Access must also consider pedestrian movement. Conceptual visualization of Station Area Plaza Development at Jhansi Ki Rani BRTS Station Source: https://www.hcp.co.in/project/transit-oriented-zone-local-area-plan DENSITY AND ZONING Density refers to the population per unit land area. This determines whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional future development, which will add to the existing population and bear on the capacity of these utilities. Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units per hectare. It may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR). Density influences the privacy, social contact among group, and freedom of movement of an individual or a group of people. Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in municipality and city to regulate the type of development. It divides the city into land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage, density of population, and open space. SOCIO- ECONOMIC FACTORS The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the project. Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular community. The social structure of the family must be taken into consideration to ensure that the proposed development will not result in any displaced families, and any major disruption in their business and other day-to-day activities.  UTILITES/ SERVICES The determination of existing availability of utilities on site in terms of adequacy and efficiency. This includes: i. Sanitary and sewage system ii. Electric power supply iii. Water supply iv. Drainage Various services to be checked on site before designing  HISTORIC FACTORS i. Historic buildings ii. Historic landmarks Outside façade, Gasometer, Vienna Gasometer A, inside 3. AESTHETIC FACTORS  NATURAL FEATURES The natural assets of the land/ site which can be incorporated in the site development. Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul City , Korea SPATIAL PATTERNS It is defined as the way an open space of a given site is configured according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or flow, both physically or visually. Godrej Garden City  VISUAL RESOURCES i. View – a scene observed from vantage point. ii. Vista- a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or dominant feature. A view of the city from 124th floor of Burj Khalifa, 2014 A vista as seen from a hotel roof top in Pisa  VISUAL RESOURCES i. View – a scene observed from vantage point. ii. Vista- a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or dominant feature. A view of the city from a Fairies’ Wheel of Paris, France A vista as seen from a hostel roof top in Barcelona, Spain...end of lecture series 01 Site Analysis Sample