Clinical Biochemistry PDF

Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Clinical Biochemistry A branch of chemistry that specializes in the body fluids of the human body, which play an important role in detecting clinical conditions. Other names: Clinical Che...

Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Clinical Biochemistry A branch of chemistry that specializes in the body fluids of the human body, which play an important role in detecting clinical conditions. Other names: Clinical Chemistry, Medical Chemistry, Body Fluid Chemistry and Blood Chemistry Importance: Diagnose, Detect and Monitor. Blood: A viscous fluid produced in the bone marrow, circulates and is transported in all blood vessels, constitutes 8% of the total body mass, carries oxygen and is pumped by the heart muscle. Blood components: 1- Plasma: The liquid part of the blood is 55% and its function is to maintain, provide and transport. 2- White blood cells (WBC): The less than 1% of the blood has a defensive function. 3- Red Blood Cells (RBC): Its concave shape allows it to move and pass freely in the blood vessels. Its percentage is 40-45%. Its function is to carry oxygen and hemoglobin. 4- Platelets: Part of the cells directly responsible for clotting, its normal count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 microliters. 1 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Blood withdrawal process A procedure using a needle or a specific device to withdraw blood from specific locations for the purpose of examination. Blood collection sites. 1- Vein: The most common site for withdrawal due to its ease and convenience. 2- Artery: It is rarely possible to withdraw from the artery due to its difficulty, as well as some few tests such as gas tests and tests of the amount of glucose in the vein and artery. 3- Finger acupuncture: Often used in the 2 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Blood collection duties: 1- Prepare a syringe, rubbing alcohol and cotton. 2-Sterilize the area of the injection in the arm, finger, or other area. 3-Make sure there is an opening above the end of the syringe. 4-The tourniquet should be placed at the top of the area to be pulled. 5- Insert the needle into the vein by 6-8 mm. 6- Open the tourniquet and then press the pulling area with cotton. 7- Transfer whole blood to a special collection tube, each according to the test designated for that. 3 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Test tubes used for blood collection: There are many types of test tubes, each according to its type and the type of material contained in it. To make them easy to identify, they are distinguished by the color of the tube cap. 4 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants are chemical substance that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood. They are commonly called blood thinner. There are several different types of anticoagulant. Each type works at a different level on the blood coagulation pathway. Sometimes are used in medical equip. Types of anticoagulants: 5 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Samples used in chemical tests: 1- Blood: Whole blood after the withdrawal process and storing it in a special tube containing anticoagulants or a capillary tube is used. 2- Plasma: Plasma is obtained through a centrifugation process where blood cells are separated from the plasma. Many chemical tests follow this sample. 3- Serum: Serum is also obtained by centrifugation and does not contain clotting factors, but rather contains chemicals. The difference between plasma and serum is that serum is a part of plasma that does not contain clotting factors, while plasma is a part that is rich in clotting factors. 4- Urine: In clinical examination, it is required to collect a urine sample for 24 hours in a special sample containing preservatives. It contains all metabolic processes. 5-Cerebrospinal Spinal Fluid (CSF): A clear, plasma-like fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that is used to identify meningitis. 6 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Devices and technologies: Centrifugation: The device that separates the components of the blood thanks to its high speed, where the heavier particles go to the bottom. Pipet: The machine in which the separated liquid is withdrawn: Water bath: It maintains the temperature of the mixture and also increases the reaction speed. 7 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Spectrophotometer: An instrument used to measure the transmission/reflection of light at different wavelengths from samples. A spectrophotometer works by passing a beam of light through a sample and measuring the amount of light absorbed or transmitted/reflected by the sample at different wavelengths. 8 Clinical Biochemistry Lec. Assis. Aqeel Kheit 2th Calculations in spectrophotometer technology: In spectroscopy, the spectrometer requires three basic samples to make the results more accurate: blank, model and standard. Blank: It is the solution through which the absorbance of the interfering materials is zeroed or subtracted from the total absorbance value. Distilled water or a solution from the test is often used. Sample or Model: It is the sample whose absorption is to be read for the patient, which usually consists of two solutions, R1 and R2, with the addition of serum or plasma. Standard: It is the substance of known value that is used to extract the absorbance of the sample..co Fac. C 9