Introduction to the Human Body PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Integrated Biological Sciences – I BDS104 Dr. Jayaraj Ajman University 27-Aug-24 1 ...

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Integrated Biological Sciences – I BDS104 Dr. Jayaraj Ajman University 27-Aug-24 1  LEARNING OUTCOMES ▪ Define anatomy and physiology and list the branches of these sciences ▪ Describe the levels of structural organization of the body ▪ Define the important life processes of the human body ▪ Define homeostasis ▪ List the systems of the human body ▪ Relate the anatomical names and the corresponding common names for various regions of the human body ▪ Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated lining ▪ Describe the anatomical position, terms of movements ▪ Define the anatomical planes, anatomical sections, and directional terms used Ajman University 27-Aug-24 2  Anatomy Is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures o Branches of anatomy BRANCH OF ANATOMY STUDY OF Embryology The first eight weeks of development after fertilization Developmental biology The complete development of an individual from fertilization Cell biology Cellular structure and functions Histology Microscopic structure of tissues Gross anatomy Structures that can be examined without a microscope Systemic anatomy Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system Regional anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation Radiographic anatomy Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans Pathological anatomy Structural changes associated with diseases (gross to microscopic) Ajman University 27-Aug-24 3  Physiology Is the science of body functions BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY STUDY OF Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cell Endocrinology Hormones and how they control body functions Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels Immunology The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs Renal physiology Functions of the kidneys Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging Ajman University 27-Aug-24 4  Levels of Structural Organization ❑ Human body consists of six levels of structural organization Chemical level Includes atoms (smallest units) Molecules (two or more atoms joined together) Cellular level Molecules combine to form cells Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an living organism Ajman University 27-Aug-24 5  Levels of Structural Organization Tissue level Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them That work together to perform a particular function Organ level Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues They have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes System level A system consists of related organs with a common function Organismal level An organism is any living individual Ajman University 27-Aug-24 6  Basic Life Processes ▪ All organisms carry on certain processes that distinguish them from nonliving things ▪ Life processes in humans are Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction Ajman University 27-Aug-24 7  Homeostasis ❑ Homeostasis Is a condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment Produced by the interplay of all of the body’s regulatory processes Ajman University 27-Aug-24 8  Body Systems ❑ 11 systems of the human organism Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system Ajman University 27-Aug-24 9  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Integumentary system ▪ Components Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands ▪ Functions ✓ Protects the body ✓ Help to regulate body temperature ✓ Eliminates wastes ✓ Helps to make vitamin D ✓ Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold ✓ Stores fat and provides insulation Ajman University 27-Aug-24 10  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Skeletal system ▪ Components Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages ▪ Functions ✓ Supports and protects body ✓ Provides surface area for muscle attachments ✓ Aids body movements ✓ Houses cells that produce blood cells ✓ Stores minerals and lipids (fats) Ajman University 27-Aug-24 11  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Muscular system ▪ Components Skeletal muscle tissue—Muscle usually attached to bones Other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac muscle ▪ Functions ✓ Participates in body movements ✓ Maintains posture ✓ Produces heat Ajman University 27-Aug-24 12  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Nervous system ▪ Components Brain, spinal cord, nerves Special sense organs, such as eyes and ears ▪ Functions ✓ Generates action potentials to regulate body activities ✓ Detects changes in body’s internal and external environments ✓ Interprets changes ✓ Responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions Ajman University 27-Aug-24 13  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Endocrine system ▪ Components Hormone-producing glands —Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes Hormone producing cells in several other organs ▪ Functions ✓ Regulates body activities by releasing hormones Ajman University 27-Aug-24 14  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Lymphatic system ▪ Components Lymphatic fluid and vessels Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils Cells carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells) ▪ Functions ✓ Returns proteins and fluid to blood ✓ Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood ✓ Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells Ajman University 27-Aug-24 15  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Cardiovascular system ▪ Components Blood, heart, and blood vessels ▪ Functions ✓ Heart pumps blood through blood vessels ✓ Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells ✓ Blood transport carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells ✓ Regulate acid–base balance and temperature ✓ Maintain water content of body fluids ✓ Blood components help defend against disease ✓ Blood components repair damaged blood vessels Ajman University 27-Aug-24 16  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Respiratory system ▪ Components Lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes) ▪ Functions ✓ Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood ✓ And carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air ✓ Helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids ✓ Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds Ajman University 27-Aug-24 17  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Digestive system ▪ Components Organs of gastrointestinal tract– Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus Accessory organs– Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas ▪ Functions ✓ Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food ✓ Absorbs nutrients ✓ Eliminates solid wastes Ajman University 27-Aug-24 18  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Urinary system ▪ Components Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra ▪ Functions Produces, stores, and eliminates urine Eliminates wastes Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood Helps to maintain acid–base balance of body fluids Maintains body’s mineral balance Helps regulate production of red blood cells Ajman University 27-Aug-24 19  Systems of the Human Body ❑ Reproductive system ▪ Components Gonads o Male - Testes o Female - Ovaries Associated organs o Female - Uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands o Male - Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis ▪ Functions ✓ Gonads produce gametes ✓ Hormones regulate reproduction and other body processes Ajman University 27-Aug-24 20  Body Positions ❑ Anatomical position ▪ Any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference ▪ Standard position that all health professionals use to describe the body Subject stands erect Facing the observer with the head level Eyes facing directly forward Lower limbs are parallel Feet are flat on the floor and directed forward Upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward Ajman University 27-Aug-24 21  Body Positions ▪ Two terms describe a reclining body Supine position Body is lying face-up position Prone position Body is lying facedown position Ajman University 27-Aug-24 22  Regional Names ❑ Human body is divided into several major regions Head consists of the skull and face Face includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin Neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk Trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis Each upper limb attaches to the trunk Consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand Each lower limb attaches to the trunk Consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot Groin is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs Ajman University 27-Aug-24 23  Regional Names Ajman University 27-Aug-24 24  Terms of Direction DIRECTIONAL TERM DEFINITION Superior (cephalic/cranial) Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure Inferior (caudal) Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure Anterior (ventral) Nearer to or at the front of the body Posterior(dorsal) Nearer to or at the back of the body Medial Nearer to the midline (divides the body into equal right and left sides) Lateral Farther from the midline Intermediate Between two structures Ipsilateral On the same side of the body as another structure Contralateral On the opposite side of the body from another structure Proximal Nearer to the origination of a structure Distal Farther from the origination of a structure Superficial (external) Toward or on the surface of the body. Deep (Internal) Away from the surface of the body Ajman University 27-Aug-24 25  Terms of Direction ❑ Directional terms ▪ Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another Ajman University 27-Aug-24 26  Body Planes and Sections ❑ Planes and Sections Flat surfaces that pass through the body parts Sagittal plane Is a vertical plane Divides the body/organ into right and left sides o Midsagittal plane or a median plane Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline Divide body/organ into equal left and right sides o Parasagittal plane Sagittal plane does not pass through the midline Divides the body/organ into unequal right and left sides Ajman University 27-Aug-24 27  Body Planes and Sections Frontal or coronal plane Divides the body/organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions Transverse plane (Cross-sectional or horizontal plane) Divides the body/organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Oblique plane Passes through the body/organ at an oblique angle ❑ Section Cuts made diagonally between the ▪ Cut of the body/organs made horizontal and the vertical planes along one of the planes Ajman University 27-Aug-24 28  Body Cavities ❑ Body cavities Ventral Spaces that enclose internal organs body Are lined with membranes cavity ❖ Dorsal body cavity Protects the nervous system organs ▪ Has two subdivisions Cranial cavity Skull encases the brain Vertebral or spinal cavity Bony vertebral column encloses the spinal cord ▪ Cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous ▪ Meninges surround the brain and spinal cord Ajman University 27-Aug-24 29  Body Cavities ❖ Ventral body cavity More anterior and larger of the closed body cavities Internal organs collectively called the viscera ▪ Two major subdivisions Thoracic or chest cavity Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest ▪ Further subdivided into o Pleural cavities Two fluid-filled spaces one around each lung o Pericardial cavity Fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart Ajman University 27-Aug-24 30  Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Extends from the diaphragm to the groin Encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis ▪ Further subdivided into o Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine o Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal reproductive organs Ajman University 27-Aug-24 31  Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity ▪ Membrane Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures Serous membrane Slippery, double-layered membrane Does not open directly to the exterior o Parietal serosa Lines the cavity walls of the thorax and abdomen o Visceral serosa Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities ▪ Serous fluid Small amount of lubricating fluid present between the parietal and visceral layers ✓ Allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls Ajman University 27-Aug-24 32  Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Contains the tongue and teeth Nasal cavity In the nose Orbital cavities (orbits) Contain the eyeballs Middle ear cavities (middle ears) Contain small bones that transmit sound vibrations Synovial cavities Found in freely movable joints Contain synovial fluid that reduces friction Ajman University 27-Aug-24 33  Abdominopelvic Quadrants ▪ Describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily Abdominopelvic quadrants ▪ Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants ▪ A midsagittal line and a transverse line are passed through the umbilicus or belly button Ajman University 27-Aug-24 34  Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic regions Two horizontal and two vertical lines Aligned like a tictac-toe grid Partition the cavity into nine abdominopelvic regions Ajman University 27-Aug-24 35  Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical region Centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus Epigastric region Located superior to the umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) Located inferior to the umbilical region Right and left iliac or inguinal regions Located lateral to the hypogastric region Right and left lumbar regions Lie lateral to the umbilical region Right and left hypochondriac regions ▪ lie lateral to the epigastric region Ajman University 27-Aug-24 36  Anatomical Terms of Movement Anatomical Terms Movements Flexion Bending of ventral surfaces with formation of an angle Extension The ventral surfaces move away from each other Abduction Moving away from the midline Adduction Moving toward the midline Circumduction Combined rotatory movements involving flexion/extension with abduction/ adduction Medial rotation Moving the ventral surface toward the midline Lateral rotation Moving the ventral surface away from the midline Elevation Moving up Depression Moving down Protraction Moving anteriorly Retraction Moving posteriorly Ajman University 27-Aug-24 37  Anatomical Terms of Movement Circumduction Ajman University 27-Aug-24 38  Anatomical Terms of Movement Medial rotation Lateral rotation Ajman University 27-Aug-24 39  Anatomical Terms of Movement Anatomical Terms Movements Pronation Medial rotation of the forearm, so the palm faces backwards Supination Lateral rotation of the forearm, so the palm faces forwards Planter flexion As standing on toe tips Dorsiflexion As standing on the heel Inversion Movement of the foot, so that the sole faces inwards Eversion Movement of the foot, so that the sole faces outwards Intorsion/Extortion Rotation of the eye ball around the antero-posterior axis passing through the pupil Opposition Is the movement by which the tip of the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers Ajman University 27-Aug-24 40  Anatomical Terms of Movement Ajman University 27-Aug-24 41  Ajman University 27-Aug-24 42