Introduction to Psychology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY JAVERIA NASIR PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and processes. There are terms “Psyche,” WHAT IS “Psyc...

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY JAVERIA NASIR PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and processes. There are terms “Psyche,” WHAT IS “Psycho,” and “Psychology” PSYCHOLOGY? Psyche is a Greek word which means ‘mind’ and ‘logos’ means study. Psycho means a mentally ill person. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  PSYCHE ◦The Greeks believed that the soul or "psyche" was responsible for behavior. ◦Psyche was the Greek goddess of the soul PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft BEGINNING OF PSYCHOLOGY PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft The Historical Origins of Psychology ◦The history of Psychology starts with the great ancient philosophers of Greece, the most famous ones are: ◦Socrates ◦Plato ◦Aristotle PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  SOCRATES ◦He was famous for the questioning to people. He constantly engaged in conversations with everybody—old and young, high and low—trying to bring into the open by his questions the inconsistencies in their opinions and actions known as Socratic Method. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PLATO Plato was the second ancient Greek Philosopher. Socrates’ friend and pupil. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft Plato is the Greatest  ARISTOTLE Aristotle was the 3rd greatest philosopher who was the student of Plato. He joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty- seven and learned many subjects such as physics, biology, mathematics. He was the tutor of Alexander-the Great Until the end of the 17th century, Western culture was Aristotelian. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft HIPPOCRATES ◦He was Father of Medicine ◦Lived around the same time as Socrates ◦He finally freed medicine from the shackles of magic, superstition, and the supernatural. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft Hippocrates collected data and conducted experiments to show that disease was a natural process; that the signs and symptoms of a disease were caused by the natural reactions of the body to the disease process. Interested in Physiology Made observations about how brain controls various organs in the body which later helped in forming a biological perspective of Psychology. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  This debate is still raging today. The debate is about whether human NATURE- capabilities are inborn or acquired through experience. NURTURE Nature view says that knowledge is DEBATE innate, which means he enters into the world with knowledge and understanding of reality. Nurture view says that knowledge is NOT innate, it is acquired through experiences and interaction with the world. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦17th century Philosopher, Rene Descartes supported Nature view saying that some ideas such as God and self are innate. ◦He believed that a body can be studied as a machines could be studied. ◦John Locke supported Nurture view, saying that a human mind is tabula rasa – a blank state when a person born, and PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft knowledge is gained through experience as the individual  This debate gave birth to The debate is still seen in Associationist Psychology various perspective of which denies the concept Psychology, the question of innate knowledge and is not whether nature states that mind is filled nurture shapes human with ideas through senses psychology, but the and associates through question is how it shapes? similarity and contrast. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  The Beginning of Scientific Psychology It began in late 19th century Wilhelm Wundt established the 1st psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  FIRST LABORATORY IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  Definition: it is a school of thought which is an analysis of mental structures into simplest form to see how they were made into complex form and how they can correlate with the physical STRUCTURALISM events. The methods used to analyze in simplest form through introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings and emotions. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft During his research in physiology, Wundt began to conceive ideas of an independent and experimental field of psychology The term ‘Structuralism PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft §Wundt was the founder of structuralism §He used the method of introspection. §Introspection is ‘to look within.’ § It is to observe and record of our own perceptions, thoughts and feelings. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft Goals of Introspection (given by Wundt) to analyze to discover how to determine the conscious these elements are laws of processes into synthesized or connection their basic organized governing that elements organization PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  FECHNER Fechner presented his Wundt together with ideas of Structuralism Fechner is taken as the in his book Elements founder of of Psychophysics. Structuralism. (1860). PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  He was Wundt’s student Structuralism: is the name given formally to Titchener’s system of psychology which deals with conscious experience as it is dependent on experiencing persons. He believed that psychology was not for curing society or sick minds, its purpose was to discover the facts or structure of the mind. Introspection: he relied on observers who were trained to describe their conscious state. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦Introspection method was criticized because there was lack of agreement on this method, people having their different opinion on their self-analysis. ◦William James opposed the idea of structuralism, his view was stressed on the importance of empirical (sensory experience, knowledge) and rational thought over an experimental, trial- and-error philosophy. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  FUNCTIONALISM Functionalism is a school of thought It is focused on how which focuses on how and what mental states mind works in order to work rather than what enable an individual to they are made up of. adapt to, and function in its environment. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦Functionalists say that in order to see how a person adapts to its environment, it is necessary to observe its actual behavior. ◦Functionalists were influenced by Charles Darwin theory of evolution which stated that the living being best-fitted with the environment will survive and reproduce, and the ones who will not adapt will die. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦Functionalism and structuralism played important role in the development of 20th century psychology. ◦It is still regarded as the science of conscious experience. ◦These both school of thought was replaced by Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology and Psychoanalysis. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  ◦Behaviorism is a school of thought which is the shaping of behavior through reinforcing specific habits and learning through the interaction with the environment. BEHAVIORISM ◦Founder was John B. Watson ◦He believed behavior is public, consciousness is private. ◦Stimulus-response (S-R) Psychology term was introduced. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  Operant There are 2 types of Conditioning behaviorism concept: Classical Conditioning PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft B.F. Skinner was an American, gave the concept of Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning is the modification or shaping of the behavior through - REINFORCEMENT (an increase in behavior) and - PUNISHMENT (a decrease in behavior). PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft Ivan Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist who gave the concept of Classical Conditioning or respondent conditioning. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  It is German word meaning ‘Form’ or ‘Configuration.’ Founders were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler. GESTALT It is a school of thought which is believed to look a human mind and PSYCHOLOGY behavior as a ‘whole.’ The Gestalt psychologists were instead interested in looking at the totality of the mind and behavior. Gestalt psychologists believe that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PSYCHOANALYSIS ◦Founder of Psychoanalysis was Sigmund Freud. ◦Originated in 20th Century. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦Psychoanalysis is the theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy. ◦It is the study of Unconscious - thoughts, attitudes, impulses, wishes, motivations and emotions of which we are unaware. ◦Unconscious thoughts are expressed through dreams, slips of the tongue PPTand physical To PDF by DLMmannerisms. Infosoft ◦Free Association was the method used by Freud during therapy. ◦It is the method in which a person is instructed to say whatever comes to mind as a way of bringing unconscious wishes into awareness. ◦Motivation behind unconscious wishes are sex and PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft ◦Freud’s theory was not widely accepted when it was first proposed but people agreed on his concept that goals, ideas and motives at times operate outside conscious awareness. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft The people who followed Freud’s theory of unconscious are known as Neo-Freudians and their approach is known as Psychodynamic. They include: ◦Alfred Adler ◦Carl Jung ◦Erik Erikson ◦Karen Horney PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY ◦Humanistic psychology belief that people are innately good. They strive for their personal growth and achievement in this world. ◦This type of psychology holds that morality, ethical values, and good intentions are the driving forces of behavior. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft CARL ROGERS ◦His therapy is known as “Person- centered therapy” ◦Humanistic Psychology was influenced in1970s and 1980s. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  ABRAHAM MASLOW Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this Maslow stated that people will be the first thing that are motivated to achieve motivates our behavior. certain needs and that Once that level is some needs take fulfilled the next level up precedence over others. is what motivates us, and so on. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the way people process information. It includes perception, Cognitive attention, language, memory, and thinking. Psycholog y The term 'cognitive psychology' was first used by Ulric Neisser in 1967, he was the father of cognitive psychology. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY It deals with the genetics and physiology of a human such as: how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behavior, also, how the inheritance (genetics) affects a given trait or behavior of a human. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft  PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES It is an approach or way of looking topics within psychology. Any topic in psychology can be approached with different perspectives. There could be many, but 5 main are the contemporary perspectives of psychology. PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft PPT To PDF by DLM Infosoft