Introduction to Counseling PDF

Introduction to Counseling By: Raphael S. Tanseco Objectives 1. Understand the history of counseling 2. Define counseling 3. Identify the goals and purposes of counseling 4. Determine the principles of counseling 5. Apply values into the counseling process Brief History of the Guidance & Counselin...

Introduction to Counseling By: Raphael S. Tanseco Objectives 1. Understand the history of counseling 2. Define counseling 3. Identify the goals and purposes of counseling 4. Determine the principles of counseling 5. Apply values into the counseling process Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement The word guidance first appeared around the 1600s and was defined as “the process of guiding an individual.” Early guidance work involved individuals giving moralistic and direct advice. This definition continued into the twentieth century, when vocational guidance counselors used the word to describe the act of “guiding” an individual into a profession and offering suggestions for life skills. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement Social Reform Movements of the 1800s a number of reform movements occurred simultaneously that eventually influenced the development of the counseling profession. John Dewey (1859–1952)—who insisted on more humanistic teaching methods and access to public education. First professional counselors: vocational guidance workers Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement At the end of the nineteenth century, dramatic shifts took place in the United States that were partially responsible for the beginnings of the vocational guidance movement and ultimately set the stage for the establishment of the counseling profession. The rise of social reform movements, the impact of the Industrial Revolution, and an increase in immigration. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement Although the concepts had been floating around in the latter part of the 1800s, the 1900s brought the first comprehensive approach to vocational guidance. Jesse Davis (1871–1955) developed one of the first guidance curricula that focused on moral and vocational guidance. Eli Weaver (1862–1922), a New York City principal who had written a booklet called Choosing a Career, started vocational guidance in New York. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement Anna Reed (1871–1946) - established guidance services in the Seattle school system. Social Darwinism - that suggested individuals should fervently follow their supervisors and “fight their co-workers for advanced status”—i.e., survival of the fittest. Frank Parsons (1854–1908) - had the greatest impact on the development of vocational guidance in the United States. Founder of guidance in the United States. Established the Vocational Bureau, which assisted individuals in “choosing an occupation, preparing themselves for it, finding an opening in it, and building a career of efficiency and success”. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement Parsons was a man with a vision (Briddick, 2009b; Pope & Sveinsdottir, 2005). He envisioned systematic vocational guidance in the schools; he anticipated a national vocational guidance movement; he foresaw the importance of individual counseling; and he hoped for a society in which cooperation was more important than competition and where concern replaced avarice (Jones, 1994). It is clear that Parsons’s principles of vocational guidance greatly affected the broader field of counseling. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement A deeper examination of his work shows that many of his principles eventually became some of the major tenets of the counseling profession. A. Expert guide when making difficult decisions B. Personal choice (individual must choose for himself/herself) C. Genuineness D. Assist the client in the development of analytic skills Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement John Brewer (1932) suggested that guidance should be seen in a total educational context and that “guidance counselors” (now called school counselors) should be involved in a variety of functions in the schools, including adjustment counseling, assistance with curriculum planning, classroom management, and of course, occupational guidance. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement Clifford Beers – 1909, he helped to establish the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, which lobbied the U.S. Congress to pass laws that would improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions. Soon, this committee began to organize the first child guidance clinics, staffed by social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists. This created a new need for mental health clinics and psychological assistants. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement 1930s - E. G. Williamson (1900–1979) developed what is considered to be the first comprehensive theory of counseling called Minnesota Point of View or trait-and-factor theory. The trait-and-factor approach involved a series of five steps, which included the following: 1. Analysis: Examining the problem and obtaining available records and testing for the client 2. Synthesis: Summarizing and organizing the information to understand the problem 3. Diagnosis: Interpreting the problem 4. Counseling: Aiding the individual in finding solutions 5. Follow-up: Ensuring proper support after counseling had ended Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement With the rise of Nazism during the 1930s and 1940s, many humanistic philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychologists fled Europe for the United States and dramatically influenced the field of psychotherapy and education in their new country. Carl Rogers – one of the most influential psychologists and psychotherapists of the twentieth century. Revolutionized the practice of counseling with his client-centered approach. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement By the decades… 1950s, the counseling profession shifted increasingly toward a humanistic, nondirective orientation. This decade saw the promulgation of the developmental theories in the areas of: 1. Career counseling 2. Child development 3. Lifespan development Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement By the decades cont… 1957 Launching of Sputnik (Russian Space vessel) - provided the impetus for Congress passing the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) which allocated funds for training institutes that would quickly graduate secondary school counselors for identification of gifted students in math and science. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement By the decades cont… 1960s – new approaches to counseling began to take shape: Rational Emotive Approach, Behavioral Approach, Reality Therapy, Gestalt Approach, Transactional Analysis, and Existential Approach. 1970s – Expansion of the Community Mental Health Centers Act to include more services including: Alcoholism services, Drug abuse services, Special services for children and elderly, etc. Passage of legislation for individuals with disabilities: Vocational rehabilitation services and counseling for employable adults, the right to an education within the least restrictive environment for all children identified as having a disability that interfered with learning. Brief History of the Guidance & Counseling Movement The 1980s and 1990s - saw a continued expansion and diversification of the field of counseling, as well as a settling-in phase marked by an increased emphasis on professionalism. The 21st Century: Current Issues 1. Credentialing 2. Changes in Ethical Guidelines 3. Culturally Alert Counseling: Cross-Cultural Counseling and Advocacy 4. Counselor Efficacy: Evidence-based Practice and Common Factors 5. Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training 6. Technology and Online Counseling Checkup! 1. Give a brief summarization of the history of the guidance and counseling movement as was discussed 2. Have you ever tried to be counseled? How was it? 3. Do you think counseling already existed before it was properly identified and documented? Why? Complete and Comprehensive History of Guidance & Counseling Movement 3000 b.c. Ancient Egypt “Psychological” writings found on 1800 Benjamin Rush Founder of American psychiatry;. papyrus. advocated for humane treatment of mentally ill. 400 b.c. Hippocrates Wrote first reflections on the human 1800 Anton Mesmer Discovered first uses of hypnosis. condition that include something like modern-day sensibilities. 1800s COS Volunteers offered assistance to the poor and 350 b.c. Plato Believed that introspection and reflection were destitute. the road to knowledge. 1850 Jean Martin Charcot Used hypnosis to understand 350 b.c. Aristotle Considered by many to be “first disorders; saw relationship between psychological and organic psychologist”—studied objectivity and reason. states. 250 Plotinus Believed in dualism—the concept that the soul is 1850 Dorothea Dix Advocated for humane treatment of the separate from the body. mentally ill; helped establish 41 “modern” mental hospitals. 400 Augustine Examined the meaning of consciousness, self- 1875 Wilhelm Wundt First experimental psychologist. examination, and inquiry. 1875 Sir Francis Galton Early experimental psychologist. 1250 Thomas Aquinas Examined the meaning of consciousness and self-examination, and inquiry. 1890s Sigmund Freud Developed theory of psychoanalysis. 1468 Sanchez de Arevalo Wrote first job classification system in 1890s G. Stanley Hall Founded the APA; early American Mirror of Men’s Lives. experimental psychologist. 1500s Elizabethan Poor Laws Established legislation for the 1890s James Cattell Early American experimental psychologist. Church of England to help the destitute in England. 1890s to mid-1900s John Dewey Educational reformer who 1650 René Descartes Believed that knowledge and truth come advocated for humanistic teaching methods. through deductive reasoning. 1700 John Locke Believed the mind is a blank slate upon which ideas are generated. 1800 James Mill Believed the mind is a blank slate upon which ideas are generated. 1800 Philippe Pinel Founder of the field of psychiatry; viewed insanity scientifically; advocated humane treatment. 1896 Alfred Binet Developed first individual intelligence test for 1917 Woodworth Personal Data Sheet One of the first the French Ministry of Public Education. structured personality tests. 1889 Jane Addams Established Hull House in Chicago. 1927 Strong Interest Inventory 1900 Emil Kraepelin Developed one of the first classifications of One of the first interest inventories to assist in the career mental diseases. counseling process. 1900 Pierre Janet Saw a relationship between certain 1930 E. G. Williamson Developed first comprehensive theory of psychological states and organic disorders. counseling; called Minnesota Point of View, or trait-and-factor approach. 1900 Ivan Pavlov Developed one of the first behavioral models of learning. 1932 John Brewer Suggested that guidance be seen in a total educational context. 1900 William James Originated the idea of philosophical pragmatism: reality is continually constructed as a function of its1932 Wagner O’Day Act Established U. S. Employment Service. utility or practical purpose. 1921 American Psychiatric Association American Psychiatric 1906 Eli Weaver Developed vocational guidance in New York Association took current name (originally founded in 1844). City schools. 1940s Carl Rogers Developed nondirective approach to 1907 Jesse Davis Developed one of the first guidance curricula counseling; advocate of humanistic counseling and education. in the schools in Grand Rapids, Michigan. 1940s Division 17 of APA Division 17 formally became part of 1908 Anna Reed Established vocational guidance in the Seattle APA. school system. 1945 AAMFT AAMFT officially formed. 1908 Frank Parsons Founder of vocational guidance; developed first comprehensive approach to vocational guidance. 1950s Virginia Satir One of first social workers to stress contextual or systems thinking. 1908 Clifford Beers Institutionalized for schizophrenia; wrote A Mind That Found Itself; advocated humane treatment. 1950s DSM first developed. 1913 NVGA National Vocational Guidance Association formed;. distant forerunner of ACA. 1917 Army Alpha Test First large-scale use of test of ability. 1952 APGA American Personnel and community mental health centers nationally. Guidance Association formed out of four associations;. forerunner of ACA. 1970s Development of microcounseling skills training (e.g., Carkhuff, Ivey, Egan). 1955 NASW National Association of Social Workers founded from merger of seven 1970s Cross-cultural Issues Seminal works associations. published in the area of cross-cultural counseling by such individuals as Donald 1958 NDEA National Defense Education Act; Atkinson, William Cross, Paul Pedersen, and provided. training for and expansion of school Derald Sue. counselors. 1961 Ethical Codes Development of first APGA guidelines for ethical behavior. 1960s Great Society Initiatives Numerous laws passed under President Johnson; development of social service agencies nationally. 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act Federal law provided for establishment of 1973 Rehabilitation Act Ensured access to vocational 1992 ACA AACD becomes the American Counseling rehab services for adults;. increased need for trained Association. rehabilitation counselors. 1994 Family Therapy Certification IAMFC offers 1973 CORE Council for Rehabilitation Education; first national certification as a family therapist. credentialing for counselors. 1991 Multicultural Counseling Competencies 1975 PL94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Proposed and adopted by AMCD: Competencies Act; access to education within the least-restrictive suggest how to address multicultural training. environments; passage of this act extended need for school counselors. 2001 New CACREP Standards. 1975 Donaldson v. O’Connor Supreme Court decision 2002 Advocacy Competencies endorsed by ACA. leading to deinstitutionalization of mental hospital patients. 2003 ASCA National Model. 1979 NACMHC National Academy for Certified 2009 New CACREP standards; licensure for Mental Health Counselors; offered national counselors in all 50 states achieved. certification. 2010 20/20: A vision for the future of counseling; 1981 CACREP Councils for Accreditation of 45,000 National Certified Counselors. Counseling and Related Programs founded; established2014 New ethics code. Current issues Division accreditation standards for counseling programs. expansion and autonomy, 20/20 Standards; 1982 NBCC National Board for Certified Counselors; credentialing; changes in ethical code; cultural generic certification for counselors. alertness; cross-cultural counseling and advocacy, counselor efficacy, evidenced-based practice, and 1983 AACD APGA name changed to the American common factors focus; crisis, disaster, and trauma Association for Counseling and Development (AACD). counseling; technology and online counseling; changes in health care system; DSM-5; globalization of 1990s Increased Emphasis Increased focus on ethical counseling; life-coaching; new theories; and new issues, accreditation, professionalism, and drugs. multicultural issues; new divisions of ACA founded. Definitions of Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy Guidance - is a general term which means helping people to make wise choices and solve their educational, vocational and personal problems. It is a process by which the individuals are assisted in making adequate adjustments to life's situations. First appeared around the 1600s and was defined as “the process of guiding an individual.” Early guidance work involved individuals giving moralistic and direct advice. Definitions of Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy Counseling - is the skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self- knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth and the optimal development of personal resources. The overall aim is to provide an opportunity to work towards living more satisfyingly and resourcefully (BACP). As mental health workers became more prevalent during the mid-1900s, they too adopted the word counseling rather than use the word guidance, with its moralistic implications. Definitions of Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy Psychotherapy - is a type of treatment that can help individuals experiencing a wide array of mental health conditions and emotional challenges. Psychotherapy can help not only alleviate symptoms, but also, certain types of psychotherapies can help identify the psychological root causes of one’s condition so a person can function better and have enhanced emotional well-being and healing. Started with the with the development of psychoanalysis near the end of the nineteenth century. Psyche – spirit/soul & Therapeutikos – caring for another Meaning “caring for the soul,” Foundational Principles of Counseling 1. Autonomy -is the principle that addresses respect for independence, and self-determination. -The essence of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action. -It addresses the responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients, when appropriate, to make their own decisions and to act on their own values. Foundational Principles of Counseling 2. Justice -as Kitchener (1984) points out, is “treating equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences”. -Justice does not mean treating all individuals the same. If an individual is to be treated differently, the counselor needs to be able to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating the individual differently. Foundational Principles of Counseling 3. Beneficence -reflects the counselor’s responsibility to contribute to the welfare of the client. - Simply stated, it means to do good, to be proactive, and also to prevent harm when possible. -Beneficence can come in many forms, such as prevention and early intervention actions that contribute to the betterment of clients. Foundational Principles of Counseling 4. Nonmaleficence -is the concept of not causing harm to others. Often explained as “above all, do no harm,” this principle is considered by some to be the most critical of all the principles, even though theoretically they are all of equal weight. -This principle reflects both the idea of not inflicting intentional harm, and not engaging in actions that risk harming others. -Weighing potential harm against potential benefits is important in a counselor’s efforts toward ensuring “no harm. Foundational Principles of Counseling 5. Fidelity -involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments. -Clients must be able to trust the counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to occur. -Therefore, the counselor must take care not to threaten the therapeutic relationship or to leave obligations unfulfilled. Goals of Counseling The goal of counselling is to build such a strong relationship between counsellor and client that there is space for growth and exploration. It starts by: A. Building empathy B. Non-judgmental and accepting space C. Trust and Confidence D. Guidance and Exploration E. Sharing of skills F. Discovering Resources G. Empowering the client References: https://www.ccpa-accp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NOE.What-is-Counselling-A- Search-for-a-Definition.pdf https://www.samareducation.com/2022/06/guidance-and-counseling.html https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/psychotherapy https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/ethics/practioner-39-s-guide-to- ethical-decision-making.pdf https://www.vitanova.co.za/what-is-the-goal-of-counselling/