Digestive System Introduction PDF

Machine Translated by Google Topic 14: Digestive system 14.1. Gastrointestinal tract. Oral region 14.1.1. Oral cavity 14.1.2. Palate and tongue 14.1.3. Salivary glands 14.2. Gastrointestinal tract. Pharynx and esophagus 14.3. Abdominal region 14.4....

Machine Translated by Google Topic 14: Digestive system 14.1. Gastrointestinal tract. Oral region 14.1.1. Oral cavity 14.1.2. Palate and tongue 14.1.3. Salivary glands 14.2. Gastrointestinal tract. Pharynx and esophagus 14.3. Abdominal region 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity 14.5. Stomach 14.6. Small intestine. Duodenum 14.7. Liver 14.8. Pancreas 14.9. Spleen 14.10. Small intestine. Jejunum and ileum 14.11. Large intestine 14.12. Irrigation of the abdominal viscera and innervation Area of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department of Basic Medical Sciences Dr. Silvia Tapia González Machine Translated by Google 14. Introduction. Digestive System Chewing. Swallowing. Digestion. Absorption of nutrients. Formation of feces and absorption of water. Machine Translated by Google 14. Introduction. Digestive System Components of the digestive system Components of the digestive system Gastrointestinal tract Accessory or ancillary organs and gland Mouth Pharynx Teeth Language Esophagus Stomach Salivary glands Liver Small Intestine Gallbladder Pancreas intestine thick 3 Machine Translated by Google 14.1. Oral region Oral region The oral region includes the oral cavity, teeth, gums, tongue, hard and soft palate, and the area of the palatine tonsils. Its function is to prepare the food bolus for digestion in the stomach and small intestine. Machine Translated by Google 14.1. Oral region Oral region ÿ The oral cavity consists of two parts: -The buccal vestibule - The oral cavity itself. - The vestibule (entrance) is the space limited to the outside by the cheeks and lips and to the inside by the gums and teeth. - The oral cavity itself will be the space that extends between the gums and the teeth and the jaws (which mark the beginning of the pharynx or throat) The cheeks form the lateral walls of the cavity. They are covered by skin on the outside and by mucosa on the inside. Oral cavity Lobby oral Bolus food Machine Translated by Google 14.1.1. Oral region. Oral cavity Teeth are the organs of mastication. They are designed to cut, tear and grind ingested food so that it can be mixed with saliva (forming the bolus) and swallowed. They also help with the articulation of words. The teeth are located in the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla. The alveolar processes are covered by the gums. Adults have 32 permanent teeth: 8 incisors 4 canines 8 premolars* 8 molars 4 wisdom teeth or molars judgment* Children only have 20 teeth (those marked with * do not have them) 6 Machine Translated by Google 14.1.1. Oral region. Oral cavity Oral region ÿ Irrigated by branches of the maxillary artery. ÿ Associated clinic: gingivitis and periodontitis Gomphosis joint or dental syndesmosis, are fibrous joints that join the teeth to their alveoli in the mandible and maxilla. These joints allow a slight movement that is important for chewing. Machine Translated by Google 14.1.1. Oral region. Oral cavity A typical tooth has three regions: -CROWN: is the visible part above the gum plane -ROOT: fixes the tooth to the alveolus. Depending on the periodontal ligament tooth, there will be between one and three roots inserted in the alveolus. The periodontal ligament maintains this union. -NECK: is the narrow portion that joins the crown and root near the gum line 8  Machine Translated by Google 14.1.1. Oral region. Oral cavity Within these regions we highlight: -Dentin: is a calcified tissue (stronger than bone) that forms the majority of the tooth and gives it its shape and rigidity. The dentin of the crown is covered by enamel (calcium phosphate and carbonate) and is considered the strongest substance in the periodontal body (due to its high Ca2+ ligament content ). Protects teeth from wear caused by chewing -The dentin of the root is covered by cementum, which fixes the root to the periodontal ligament Dentin does not “fill” the entire tooth inside, but rather delimits a space inside the piece, this space is called the pulp cavity, in which we find the pulp, formed by: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, connective 9 tissue, which run through the root Enamel canal and enter and exit the tooth Dentine through the apical foramen in the most caudal region of the root. Cement Dental pulp Machine Translated by Google 14.1.1. Oral region. Oral cavity Oral region. Innervation The upper, posterior and middle dental or alveolar branches and the anterior dental or alveolar branches are TERMINAL BRANCHES OF THE MAXILLARY NERVE OR V2. V2 and its branches provide sensitivity to the cheeks, upper lip; mucosa of the maxillary sinus; teeth of the upper jaw. Lower lip, chin,… The inferior alveolar nerve and its terminal branches are TERMINAL BRANCHES OF THE MANDIBULAR NERVE OR V3. V3 provides sensitivity to the jaw, chin, lower lip and lower/mandibular teeth (inferior dental plexus), anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Machine Translated by Google 14.1.2 Oral region. Palate and tongue Uvula ÿ Hard palate: separates the oral cavity of the nasal. Formed by the apophyses palatines of the maxillae and the palatine bones. It is covered with Palatine Maxillary mucous membrane. ÿ Soft palate: separates the cavity oral nasopharynx. In the part posterocentral we find the uvula. Muscular septum, not bony in shape of arch. -During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula rise and occlude the nasopharynx, which prevents swallowed food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Following the posterior border of the soft palate, the mouth opens into the oropharynx through the fauces. Machine Translated by Google 14.1.2 Oral region. Palate and tongue The tongue is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucosa. Together with its associated muscles it forms the floor of the oral cavity. The tongue is made up of a series of muscles: INTRINSIC: are found contained in the tongue in its entirety. They are involved in chewing. EXTRINSIC: they are inserted into the tongue but originate in other structures, such as the hyoid bone and other bones of the skull (mandible and styloid process of the temporal bone). They intervene in the movements of tongue, swallowing and speech. 12 Machine Translated by Google 14.1.2 Oral region. Palate and tongue Language ÿ The tongue is a muscular organ covered by mucous membrane. The main functions of the tongue are articulation, swallowing, chewing, tasting and oral hygiene. ÿ Drug absorption on the underside through the lingual veins deep Machine Translated by Google 14.1.2 Oral region. Palate and tongue In the upper region of the tongue we find the papillae, which contain taste and touch receptors. 5 flavors of the tongue: Bitter Acid Umami (savory, enhances pleasant taste) Salty Sweet 14 Machine Translated by Google 14.1.2 Oral region. Palate and tongue The tongue remains attached to the floor of the oral cavity by a fold of mucosa called the lingual frenulum, which is located in the midline of the lower surface of the tongue, adheres to the floor of the mouth and limits the backward movement of the tongue. Ankyloglossia: When this frenulum is shorter than normal or more rigid, it makes it difficult for the individual to speak (congenital anomaly). Lingual frenulum 15 Machine Translated by Google 14.1.3 Oral region. Salivary glands Salivary glands ÿ Salivary glands They are responsible for synthesizing saliva (more than 1 liter/day) The salivary glands include the parotid glands (between the skin and the masseter), submandibular glands ( inferior to the body of the mandible) and sublingual glands (inferior to the tongue). ÿ Saliva (clear, tasteless, odorless and viscous liquid) contains water (more than 99%), mucus, Ca2+, lysozyme, amylase and immunoglobulins A, which have an important antibacterial function preventing tooth decay. It also keeps the oral mucosa moist, lubricates food during chewing, and begins the digestion of starches. Machine Translated by Google 14.1.3 Oral region. Salivary glands Salivary glands The saliva produced in the salivary glands drains its contents into the oral cavity through different ducts: Parotid gland duct (Stenon) Submandibular gland duct (Wharton) Sublingual gland duct (Bartholin) Parotid (Stenon) 17 Machine Translated by Google 14.2. Pharynx The next portion of the digestive tract corresponds to the oropharynx. During swallowing: Uvula rises to prevent passage of food bolus into nasopharynx Epiglottis cartilage closes to prevent the bolus from passing into the airways aerial Note: The three segments of the pharynx belong to the respiratory tract. For the activity digestive only the two lower ones are Nasopharynx used. Oropharynx Laryngopharynx 18 pyriform sinuses Machine Translated by Google 14.2. Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube about 25 cm long that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has three narrowings In its upper third, the outer layer is made up of striated muscle. voluntary; the lower third is composed of smooth muscle and the middle third of both types of muscle. The esophagogastric junction prevents reflux of the food bolus and opens into the stomach through the cardia. The food bolus advances by peristaltic movements Machine Translated by Google 14.2. Esophagus The esophagus begins at the lower limit of the laryngopharynx (C6-C7) and runs through the posterior mediastinum, located: Behind the trachea To the right of the thoracic aorta artery 20 Dorsal view Machine Translated by Google 14.2. Esophagus Abdominal cavity: limits ÿ The abdominal cavity is located between the thoracic diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm. It is where most of the digestive organs, parts of the urogenital system (the kidneys and most of the ureters) and the spleen are located. Pelvic diaphragm: which includes the two levator ani muscles and the two coccygeal muscles Machine Translated by Google 14.2. Esophagus The esophagus passes through the diaphragm muscle through the esophageal hiatus (surrounded by muscle fibers) and ends in the upper portion of the stomach (at the level of the T7 vertebra). The diaphragm muscle marks the boundary between the thorax and the abdominal cavity. Esophageal hiatus Esophageal hiatus Cranial vision Flow vision 22 Machine Translated by Google 14.3. Abdominal region Abdominal regions (II) HYPOCHONDRIUM EPIGASTRIUM HYPOCHONDRIUM RIGHT LEFT FLANK UMBILICAL FLANK RIGHT LEFT INGUINAL INGUINAL HYPOGASTRIUM RIGHT LEFT 23 Machine Translated by Google 14.3. Abdominal region 24 Machine Translated by Google 14.3. Abdominal region Abdominal cavity: divisions 4 quadrants ÿ Organs located in the epigastrium (above the transverse mesocolon): ÿStomach ÿDuodenum Xiphoid process ÿLiver ÿGallbladder and bile ducts ÿSpleen CSD CSI ÿPancreas CID CII ÿOrgans located in the hypogastrium: - Small intestine without the duodenum. Symphysis of the - Large intestine without the rectum. pubis Machine Translated by Google 14.3. Abdominal region Abdominal cavity: arrangement of structures Middle Surface layer layer Deep layer Machine Translated by Google 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Anterior abdominal wall Fatty layer of the superficial fascia (fascia of Camper) Membranous layer of the superficial fascia (fascia of Scarpa) ÿ Superficial fascia ( subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen): is a layer of fatty connective tissue. ÿ Superficial layer (Camper's fascia): is the fatty layer. ÿ Deep layer (Scarpa's fascia): membranous layer. Machine Translated by Google 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity ÿ The peritoneum is a transparent, continuous, slippery, shiny serous membrane. The peritoneum is formed by the parietal peritoneum, which covers the walls of the cavity, and the visceral peritoneum, which surrounds the viscera. It defines a space called the peritoneal cavity and contains peritoneal fluid. ÿ The abdominal viscera are suspended in the peritoneal cavity by folds of peritoneum (mesenteries) or outside it: ÿIntraperitoneal: completely covered by visceral peritoneum (e.g. stomach) ÿRetroperitoneal (primary and secondary): those that are outside the peritoneum parietal. (eg. kidneys) Some organs have intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal parts, such as the duodenum. ÿ Machine Translated by Google 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Machine Translated by Google 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity ÿ An omentum (or epiplon) is a bilaminar fold or extension of the greater and lesser peritoneum. ÿ The peritoneal ligaments are formed by two layers of peritoneum that join two organs together or an organ to the abdominal wall, and may form part of an omentum. Machine Translated by Google 14.4. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity ÿ The mesenteries are a double layer of peritoneum that is produced by an invagination of the peritoneum by an organ, and constitutes a continuity of the visceral and parietal peritoneum: mesentery (of the small intestine), transverse mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon. and Machine Translated by Google 14.5. Stomach Stomach: Anatomical relationship ÿAbdominal location in the epigastric, umbilical, hypochondrium and left flank regions. ÿIntraperitoneal organ Previously Subsequently Inferiorly Machine Translated by Google 14.5. Stomach Stomach: Parts ÿ Place where food is mixed and enzymatic digestion (chyme) takes place. ÿ Hiatal hernia (antacids) ÿ Gastric juice composed of HCl, mucus and enzymes. If not enough mucus is produced, HCl damages the mucosa and causes gastric ulcers (or may also be due to infection by Helicobacter pylori). Machine Translated by Google 14.5. Stomach Stomach: Parts Pyloric orifice -Muscular layer (autonomous) with three strata: longitudinal, circular and oblique fibers. -Mucosa with glandular cells specialized in the production of HCL, pepsinogen and mucin (2L/day of gastric juice for food disinfection and denaturation of proteins). -Transient food reserve (1.2-1.8 liters). Liquefaction and mechanical breakdown by oscillatory movements -> chyme to pylorus. Important for reabsorption of B12 in ileus, secretes intrinsic factor. Machine Translated by Google 14.5. Stomach Stomach: Irrigation ÿARTERIAL IRRIGATION ÿ Branches of the celiac trunk. ÿ Gastric artery (lesser curvature). ÿ Gastroomental or gastroepiploic (curvature elderly). Branches of the celiac trunk: The left gastric artery is responsible for the irrigation of the abdominal portion of the esophagus and part of the irrigation of the stomach. The common hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver and, through its branches, also to the bladder, stomach, pancreas, and duodenum. The splenic artery supplies the spleen directly and, through its branches, the pancreas and stomach. Machine Translated by Google 14.5. Stomach ÿVENOUS IRRIGATION ÿ All drain into the hepatic portal vein. ÿ Gastric vein (lesser curvature). ÿ Gastrointestinal veins ( greater curvature).  Machine Translated by Google 14.6. Small intestine First portion Small intestine: Duodenum ÿLocated in the epigastrium and umbilical region, below the liver. ÿC- shaped around the head of the pancreas - Retroperitoneal, except for the ampulla which is intraperitoneal (it has mesentery and is mobile) L1-L3 Head of the Common pancreas bile duct ÿ Machine Translated by Google 14.6. Small intestine Small intestine: Duodenum ÿInitial and shortest portion of the small intestine (20-25 cm). ÿIt consists of 4 portions: ÿ 1st at the level of the body of L1. ÿ 2nd between L2-L3, surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives the common bile duct and the pancreatic ducts. ÿ 3rd runs along L3 between the superior mesenteric vena cava and the inferior vena cava-aorta. ÿ 4th ascends to L2 forming the duodenojejunal flexure. Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver Located in the right hypochondrium and part of the epigastric region (intraperitoneal). It has a convex diaphragmatic face and a visceral face relatively flat, or even with cava Lesser omentum T8-T10 Later Former  Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver ÿ Weighs approximately 1.5 kg. ÿ Exocrine gland, responsible for secreting bile (emulsifies fats and helps eliminate cholesterol), metabolizing and eliminating toxic substances and storing glycogen. ÿ Except for lipids, all substances absorbed by the digestive tract go to the liver where they are metabolized. Anatomical divisions: -Left lobe -Right lobe: -Caudate lobe -Square lobe Line of separation of the right and left portal (umbilical vein) lobes Triangular ligament Lesser omentum from Arancio (hepatogastric + hepatoduodenal lig) Functional divisions: -Right portal lobe Portal triad in hepatic pedicle -Hepatic -Left portal lobe portal vein -Hepatic artery Holder -Common bile duct ÿ The hepatic artery, the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic duct enter the liver together, forming the “portal triad” (hepatic hilum).  Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver 8 segments Functional divisions: -Right portal lobe -Left portal lobe 8 segments->zone of supplying a branch of the hepatic a. *Provides 75% of poorly oxygenated blood in the digestive tract. *Provides 25% of oxygenated blood from the celiac trunk Celiac trunk Mixed (parasympathetic (posterior vagal) and sympathetic n. right major splanchnic mainly Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver ÿBile is produced in the liver, and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder ÿ Hexagonal hepatic lobules: they have a central vein from which sinusoids (large capillaries) and plates of hepatocytes emerge radially. - Hepatocytes secrete bile into bile ductules that drain into small interlobular bile ducts and then into larger collecting bile ducts of the intrahepatic portal triad, which converge to form the hepatic ducts. Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver and Gallbladder Liver: gallbladder and bile ducts ÿ The gallbladder is located in the gallbladder fossa, face visceral part of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile. ÿ The cystic duct passes between the leaves of the lesser omentum, and parallel to the common hepatic duct, which it joins to form the common bile duct. Location: Gallbladder fossa, visceral surface of the liver ÿFunction: Reabsorbs water and concentrates stored bile secretion ÿThree portionsFundamentals: surrounded by peritoneum Body: ( visceral surface of liver, transverse colon and upper portion of duodenum) Neck: joins the cystic duct Machine Translated by Google 14.7. Liver Liver: irrigation ÿ Branches of the celiac trunk. ÿ Hepatic veins and portal veins. They drain into the inferior vena cava. V. inferior vena cava V. liverwort V. porta Machine Translated by Google 14.8. Pancreas Pancreas ÿ The pancreas is an accessory digestive gland located in the epigastric region, behind the stomach and between the duodenum and the spleen (retroperitoneal). ÿ Retroperitoneal organ with exocrine part (pancreatic juice from acinar cells) and endocrine part producing glucagon (hyperglycemic) and insulin (hypoglycemic) (pancreatic islets) that pass into the blood. Lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus L1-L2 Machine Translated by Google 14.8. Pancreas Pancreas: anatomical relationships ÿ The main pancreatic duct begins in the tail of the pancreas. The pancreatic and common bile ducts usually unite to form the hepatopancreatic (of Vater) ampulla, which empties into the descending portion of the duodenum at the apex of the major duodenal papilla. ÿ The accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, at the apex of the minor duodenal papilla. Tail of the pancreas Body of the pancreas AMS/ VMS: VMS AMS Superior mesenteric artery and vein Machine Translated by Google 14.8. Pancreas Duodenum and pancreas: arterial irrigation ÿBranches of the celiac trunk and SMA: pancreaticoduodenal and pancreatic. Celiac trunk V. Porta Hepatica A. Splenic C. common bile duct* *Possible obstruction in head tumors pancreas V. Splenic V. Mesenteric lower Rear view A and V. Superior mesenteric Machine Translated by Google 14.8. Pancreas Duodenum and pancreas: venous irrigation ÿ All drain into the hepatic portal vein Machine Translated by Google 14.9. Spleen The spleen is a lymphatic organ that participates in the body's defense system and filters the blood and removes old red blood cells and broken platelets. It produces lymphocytes and stores blood cells. - It is located in the left hypochondrium of the abdomen.2 - It is surrounded by peritoneum except at the splenic hilum. Mononucleosis: enlargement of the spleen, which may even fragment (sudden, sharp pain in the left side of the upper abdomen. Machine Translated by Google 14.9. Spleen Spleen: irrigation ARTERY IRRIGATION VENOUS IRRIGATION ÿ Splenic artery: Branch of the ÿ Splenic vein: All drain into the celiac trunk. hepatic portal vein. Machine Translated by Google 14.10. Small intestine: jejunum and ileum Small intestine: jejunum and ileum ÿThe second portion of the intestine, the jejunum, begins at the duodenojejunal flexure. ÿThe third portion of the intestine, the ileum, ends at the ileocecal junction, the junction of the terminal portion of the ileum and the cecum. ÿTogether, the jejunum and ileum are 6–7 m long and are intraperitoneal.  Machine Translated by Google 14.10. Small intestine: jejunum and ileum Jejunum and ileum *Intraperitoneal >jejunum and ileum> 6 m.  Machine Translated by Google 14.10. Small intestine: jejunum and ileum Ileocolonic lip Ileal sup orifice Ileocolonic lip inf *3 narrowings: Ileocecal valve Pylorus, duodenojejunal flexure and >jejunum and ileum> ileal orifice  Machine Translated by Google 14.10. Small intestine: jejunum and ileum >M7: Digestive system> Irrigation Aa. intestinal >jejunum and ileum>  Machine Translated by Google 14.10. Small intestine: jejunum and ileum Venous drainage >jejunum and ileum>  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine Large intestine: cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal. It is formed by the cecum, the vermiform appendix, the colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), the rectum, and the anal canal. ÿWater and ion recovery. ÿPropulsion of feces. ÿAbsorption of fat-soluble vitamins from bacterial activity. 1.5-1.8 m. intraperitoneal splenic Stomach Mesocolon Omental tapeworm transv. liverwort Colon transv. Mesocolic Tapeworm I had free Secondary retroperitoneal Secondary retroperitoneal Appendc. intraperitoneal omentales in free tapeworm Primary intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal subperitoneal *Taenia: x3 bands of longitudinal muscle fibers *Haustras: saccular formations of the colon located between the tapeworms  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine Roots of the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum and of the mesos (transverse and sigmoid mesocolon, mesoappendix) Colon Ileum Straight A.verm Channel Root of the of the jejunum and ileum A.verm Flexu. sacra Straight Flexu. perinea Channel Root of the Root of the >Large intestine>  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine >M7: Digestive system> >Large intestine>  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine >M7: Digestive system> >Large intestine> Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine ÿ The cecum is located in the CID, in the right iliac fossa, lower at the junction of the terminal portion of the ileum and the cecum. ÿ The sigmoid colon extends from the iliac fossa to the third sacral vertebral segment (S3), where it joins the rectum. ÿ Intraperitoneal, except for the ascending and descending colon which They are secondary retroperitoneal. Large intestine Ribs 9th and 10th The primary retroperitoneal structures are: the adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, inferior vena cava, and rectum. Secondary retroperitoneal structures: These include the duodenum (except the first proximal segment), pancreas (head, neck, and body), ascending colon, and descending colon. Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine Rectum and anal canal ÿ The rectum is the fixed end of the large intestine part, first retroperitoneal and then subperitoneal. ÿ It continues superiorly with the sigmoid colon at the level of the S3 vertebra. ÿ The rectum is continuous inferiorly with the anal canal.  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine Rectum and anal canal: Irrigation >M7: Digestive system> A. superior rectal (of the IMA) (middle and lower portion of the rectum) A. rectal media (from A. iliaca intermedius) Aa. rectal media (from the internal iliac a.) (middle and lower portion of the rectum) Inferior rectal A. (from the Lower rectal aa. (of pudendal aa.) (anorectal Pudenda A., branch of the internal iliac) junction/anal canal) REAR VIEW >rectum and anus> Image taken from Schünke, Schulte, Schumacher, Voll and Wesker. Prometheus, text and atlas of anatomy (2nd Ed.) Ed. Médica Panamericana.  Machine Translated by Google 14.11. Large intestine Porta System V.rectalsuperior Vv.rectal media Systemic circulation Vv. rectalesinferiores (towards vv. pudendales) >rectum and anus> Image taken from Schünke, Schulte, Schumacher, Voll and Wesker. Prometheus, text and atlas of anatomy (2nd Ed.) Ed. Médica Panamericana. V. superior rectal (portal system) V. rectal media (V. iliac) Inferior rectal v. (pudenda>iliac v.)  Machine Translated by Google 14.12. Irrigation of the abdominal viscera and innervation Irrigation of the abdominal viscera Celiac A. gastric A. trunk gastro-mental A. middle and right colic. AMS A. ileocolic Abdominal aorta A. jejunal and ileal A. left colic ME A. sigmoid A. superior rectal  Machine Translated by Google 14.12. Irrigation of the abdominal viscera and innervation Irrigation of the abdominal viscera V. inferior vena cava V. inferior vena cava V. liverwort V. porta V. superior mesenteric VMS V. splenic VMI Upper rectal v.  Machine Translated by Google 14.12. Irrigation of the abdominal viscera and innervation Innervation ÿ SYMPATHETIC ANS ÿAbdominopelvic splanchnic nerves. ÿPrevertebral sympathetic ganglia. ÿAbdominal aortic plexus ÿ Gastrointestinal tract: ÿmotility and secretion. ÿ Liver: glycogenolysis. ÿ Pancreas: ÿsecretion. ÿ Arteries: vasoconstriction.  Machine Translated by Google 14.12. Irrigation of the abdominal viscera and innervation Innervation ÿ PARASYMPATHETIC ANS ÿAnterior and posterior vagal trunks. ÿPelvic splanchnic nerves. ÿAbdominal autonomic nervous plexuses. ÿParasympathetic ganglia intrinsic (enteric). ÿ Gastrointestinal tract: ÿmotility and secretion. ÿ Pancreas: ÿsecretion. ÿ Arteries: vasodilation. Machine Translated by Google Literature ÿ Langman Medical Embryology. TW Sadler, 11th edition. Ed. WoltersKluwer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2010). ÿ Gray. Basic anatomy. ÿ Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 6th ed. Keith L. Moore. Ed. WoltersKluwer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2011). ÿ Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed. Netter, Frank Henry (2007). ÿ Prometheus: Text and Atlas of Anatomy. Schünke, Michael. Schulte, Erik. Schumacher, Udo (2006).