1 - History of MedTech.pptx

Overview of Medical Technology LESSON’S DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES- To  discuss the definition of medical technology;  summarize the contributions leading to the development of laboratory science/ medical profession; &  judge the importance of medical technology/ laboratory...

Overview of Medical Technology LESSON’S DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES- To  discuss the definition of medical technology;  summarize the contributions leading to the development of laboratory science/ medical profession; &  judge the importance of medical technology/ laboratory science in the society most especially in this time of health crisis. What is medical technology?  Known as clinical laboratory science or laboratory medicine  Refers to the application of diagnostic, preventive & therapeutic medicine to monitor & improve the management of health conditions Other definitions of med tech Anna Fagelson Branch of medicine which is concerned (1961) with the performance of laboratory determinations & analyses used in the diagnosis & treatment of disease & the maintenance of health Walters (1996) A health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis & treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health Ruth Application of the principles of natural, Heinemann physical, & biological sciences in (1963) laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis & treatment of diseases. RA 5527  Known as “ the Philippine Medical Technology Act” of 1969  Defines MT as an auxiliary branch of medicine which deals with examinations using various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, & other medical laboratory procedures or techniques that will aid the physician in diagnosis, study, & treatment of disease & in the promotion of health in general Med tech-- interdisciplinary  Hematology  Clinical Chemistry  Medical Microbiology  Clinical Microscopy (Urinalysis & other body fluids)  Medical Parasitology  Immunology & Serology  Immunohematology & Blood Banking  General Pathology & Histopathology  Medical Technology Laws & Ethics HISTORICAL NOTES Ebers papyrus (1500BC)  Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts  110-page, 20 meters long scroll that contains chapters on contraception, pregnancy, eye & skin problems, surgery, burns, & intestinal diseases & parasites Hippocrates (300BC to 180 AD)  “ father of medicine”  Described 4 humors or body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile  Hippocrates advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, & observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease.  Appearance of bubbles, blood & pus in urine =kidney disease & chronic illness  Galen described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” & established the relationship between fluid intake & urine volume  In medieval Europe, diagnosis is by “water casting” (uroscopy)  Patients submitted urine in decorative flask  Physicians who failed to examine the urine were subjected to beating   Rufus of Ephesus(500AD)-First description of hematuria Isaac Judaeus (900AD)- A Jewish physician, wrote Kitab al Baul (book of urine)  detailed the concepts of urine formation , sediments, & urine characteristics in relation to diseases  In the early 11th century, medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient’s body  They relied solely on patient’s description of symptoms & in their observations Greek physicians (1098-1438)  Made diagnoses by pouring urine on the ground, observing whether the urine attracted insects. If it did, patient has boils  Anna Fagelson (14th century)- confirmed beginnings of MT when she correlated the cause of Alexander Gillani to acquired- laboratory infection  Inventions & innovators p 6-7, 11-12 Koch’s postulates Specificity of pathogen can only be established if:  It is present in all cases  Inoculations of its pure culture produce disease in animals  From these cultures, it can again be obtained  Then it can again be propagated in pure culture  Koch’s postulates 1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. 4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. 19th century  John Hutchinson- spirometer for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs  Jules Herisson- sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure  Use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, & syphilis  In mid-1900s, technical laboratories regulated by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) began to be used for medical diagnostics  When did medical technicians come into the picture of healthcare?  Increasing number of patients that generalists could not anymore handle  Training done  In 1969, 80% of medical professionals were non-physicians First laboratories  In Britain: Guys Hospital ( introduced in wards)  USA: most labs were done by physicians with microscope at home or office : first set up lab was at University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Dr. William Opened a teaching lab in New York - Welch University Medical School ( Bellevue Medical College) - 1st physician to teach at John Hopkin’s University; 1st dean of John Hopkin’s University school of medicine Dr William - Established ward laboratories at John Osler Hopkin’s Hospital ( routine tests done by physicians ; complex procedures done in pathology dept) James - Wrote a book clinical diagnosis: A manual Campbell Todd of laboratory methods (1908) John Bernard - Edit the book of Todd- retitled it as Clinical Henry Diagnosis & Management by Laboratory Methods 1918  In 1918, John Kolmer called for the development of method that would certify medical technologists on a national scale  State legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals to have a fully-equipped laboratory & employ a full time laboratory technician 1920  Chief physician directed the administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals  Clinical labs divisions were: clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, radiology 1922  Establishment of American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)  Purpose of ASCP  encourage cooperation between physicians & clinical pathologists  Established Code of ethics for technicians & technologists 1950  American Society of Medical Technologists (old name)  American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science ( new name) sought professional recognition of their educational qualifications through licensure laws. MED TECH in the Philippines  Hospital Real in Cebu : 1st hospital established (1565) by Spaniards. It was moved to Manila to cater to military patients Contribution of Religious orders  1578: Franciscans built San Lazaro Hospital for the poor & lepers  1596: Hospital de San Juan de Dios founded for poor Spaniards  1611: Dominicans founded UST, which in 1871 established the first faculty of pharmacy & medicine  1641: Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite Science & medicine journals  Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886)  Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893)  Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895) 1876  Provincial medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country Establishment of  Board of Health and Charity in 1883 , expanded in 1996  Laboratorio Municipal de Manila by the Spanish authorities in 1887 = for lab examinations of food, water, clinical samples  General Antonio Luna was employed as chemical expert who pioneered water testing, forensics, environmental studies  At the end of Spanish rule, structures of health care and public health were flourishing.  By the end of the 19th century, Spaniards started exploring the microbial causes of diseases  The Spanish medicine & health care broke down because of war in 1899 to 1902.  The Americans took over  The Spanish military hospital was converted into the First Reserve Hospital in 1898 by Lt.Col. Henry Lipincott- chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific & 8th Army Corps  Frist Reserve hospital had a laboratory but not fully maximized due to its director having typhoid fever.  The successor, Richard Strong utilized the lab to perform autopsies & to examine clinical specimens In 1901  The US govt established a Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Phil Commission Act # 156  The Bureau was located in Calle Herran, Ermita, Manila had a science library, chemical section, serum laboratory (for vaccines)  Building was destroyed during world war II  Presently, NIH of UP occupies the area 1905  Bureau of Science was established  Bureau functioned to  Study tropical diseases  Become an active center for scientific research & instruction  In 1927, UP opened College of Public Health  In 1941, Japan attacked Manila but the Medical Laboratory unit of the US Army continued to provide medical services, including laboratory  In 1942 the 3rd Medical Laboratory was the 1st laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area  In 1944, when US troops landed in Leyte, different laboratory units were deployed as mobile laboratory sections in different islands  First clinical lab was established during world war II by the 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Santa Cruz manila ( now known as Manila Public Health Laboratory)  After US army left in 1945, lab was endorsed to the National Department of Health  Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda reorganized the deserted laboratory.  Dr. Mariano Icasiano was the 1st City Health Officer- supported Dr. Roda  With Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana & Dr. Tirso Briones a formal 6-month training program was offered to HS graduates interested to work as medical technician in 1947  In 1954, the Bureau of Private of Education approved a 4-year course in BSMT Schools of Phil Med Tech School  1954- first 4-year BSMT program was offered by the Manila Sanitarium & Hospital (MSH) (now the Adventist Medical Center Manila) with the help of an American physician & missionary, Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick ( founder of medical education in the Phil)  Medical internship & residency training program was with Loma Linda University in California Schools of Phil Med Tech School  In the same year - the Philippine Union College ( now the Adventist University of the Phil) absorbed MSH’s school of Medical Technology  What was left with MSH was the facility of its clinical division  Dr. Jesse Umali (OB-Gyne) - 1st graduate in 1956  1957: UST offered MT elective course in pharmacy leading to BSMT  1961: UST offered MT as a 4-year course (3 yrs academic course & 1-yr internship program)  : CEU offered MT, first graduates after 2 years