Health and Disease 2025 PDF

1. Health, sickness and prevention 1.1 Health and sickness 1.2 Natural history of disease and levels of prevention 1.3 Immune system PrepaTec Campus Laguna Health and Society MRE. Biol. Andrés Ortega Chufani Spring 2025 What...

1. Health, sickness and prevention 1.1 Health and sickness 1.2 Natural history of disease and levels of prevention 1.3 Immune system PrepaTec Campus Laguna Health and Society MRE. Biol. Andrés Ortega Chufani Spring 2025 What is Health for you? Human Beings = BIO + PSYCHO + SOCIAL entities.  Disease definition: -Imbalance of the dynamic equilibrium that keeps the organism working. Homeostasis: -State of equilibrium / balance necessary to sustain life. Example: Glucose level in blood. Insulin (makes glucose “disappear” from the bloodstream). Glucagon (makes glucose “appear” in the bloodstream). Factors that have an influence on disease and on health: 1.- Host 2.-Disease-cause agent 3.- Environment Hosts can get sick due to different factors: Genetic make-up (hemophilia, cancer) Gender (heart disease in women over 45) Race (diabetes in México) Age State of immune system Nutrition Psychological state (depression, stress and the menstrual cycle) Disease-cause agents A) Biological Agents: VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND FUNGI VIRUSES BACTERIA FUNGI Microscopic Microscopic Micro & Macro (smallest) Non-living Living (prokaryotic) Living (eukaryotic) Parasitic Parasitic/Free-living Parasitic/Free living Cholera, Salmonellosis, Cold, Flu, Rabies, AIDS, Anthrax, Syphillis, TB, Typhoid Allergies, Asthma, Meningitis smallpox, Rubeola, Polio fever, Tetanus Difficult to combat (anti-virals) Antibiotics control them Antibiotics control them  B) Physical Agents TEMPERATURE CHANGES (affect skin, circulatory system, urinary system) PRESSURE OF GASES AND LIQUIDS Increased altitude: affects ears, sinuses, eyes. Increased air pressure: less coordination, hallucinations. Increased oxygen: convulsions, coma. Increased CO2 : weakness, dizziness, uncounsciousness. MECHANICAL EFFECT OF CERTAIN OBJECTS. ELECTRICITY RADIATION C) CHEMICAL AGENTS Substances that interfere with the well being of the organisms. Examples: Toxic Substances: Pesticides, metals, etc… Nutritional elements: Iodine deficiency (goiter) Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) Fe deficiency (anemia) The environment What changes: the environment or our relationship with the environment?  Environment and Disease Example: Climate Change and Diseases. Tropical Diseases in “Temperate” Climates? http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v496/n7446/full/nature12060.html Conclusion… In sum, Climate Change is causing: *Rising sea levels (watch out NY, Cancun, Mazatlan, SF, Barcelona, Venice, London, Veracruz. *Hurricanes (more frequent and stronger), droughts, heavy rains, tornadoes. *Higher temperatures (hotter summers, milder winters) *More forest fires. *Early flowering in plants  more pollen  more allergies *More diseases carried by mosquitoes/insects in temperate climates. *Less crops because of more insects and parasites  less food *Water crisis in some countries or regions. *Refugees (displacement of thousands of people) Natural history of disease and levels of prevention Disease and Health Genesis and Evolution of Disease, according to Leavell and Clark. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PRE-PATHOGENIC DISEASE.CAUSING AGENTS HOST PERIOD Interacts with PATHOGENIC PERIOD 1.- EARLY PATHOGENESIS (CHANGES NOT PERCEIVED) 2.- CLINICAL HORIZON (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE) 3.- DISEASE 4.- CONVALESCENCE RESULT DEATH RECOVERY CHRONIC DISEASE  Natural history of the Disease and Levels of Medical Prevention Causal interaction of the guest, agents and Natural history of the Disease atmosphere pre-pathogenic Pathogenic period: pre-clinic, sub-clinic, clinic & convalescence Prevention of the Disease Prevention the succession the disease Tertiary Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention of prevention prevention the Disease or 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total recovery of the patient Prevention of Rehabilitati Promotion or Education Specific Early diagnosis sequels, on prevention of for the prevention and treatment incapacities (physical or the health health or the death social)  How does the body defend itself against disease? tonsils “A human body is a conversation going on, both within the cells and between the cells.”- Danny Hillis. thymus bone marrow thoracic duct spleen lymph vessels lymph nodes valve prevents backflow lymph node chambers packed with white blood Human Defence Systems Against Pathogens: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aq-F4rNuj3Y cells