Cells and Tissues PDF

CELLS AND TISSUES CHIRADEE MAY P. MARQUEZ, RN, MAN THE CELL CELL Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. ANATOMY OF A GENERALIZED CELL...

CELLS AND TISSUES CHIRADEE MAY P. MARQUEZ, RN, MAN THE CELL CELL Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. ANATOMY OF A GENERALIZED CELL The three main regions of a generalized cell: Nucleus Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm NUCLEUS Is the headquarters or the control center of a cell. It contains a genetic material or the DNA. The 3 regions of a nucleus: Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear Membrane NUCLEUS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE The nucleus is bounded by a double barrier called the nuclear membrane. The 2 layers of the nuclear envelope fuse and nuclear pores penetrate through the fused regions. The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid called nucleoplasm. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLI The nucleus contains one or more small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies called nucleoli. Nucleoli are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Most ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm where they serve as the actual protein synthesis. PLASMA MEMBRANE Is a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. PLASMA MEMBRANE Are semi-permeable, double phospholipid layer. Hydrophylic heads - water loving Hydrophobic tails - water fearing Other materials in plasma membrane: Protein - receptors, cell recognition and communication, channels for transport. Cholesterol - keep membrane fluid stable. Glycoproteins - receptors, cell-to-cell interactions. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS TIGHT JUNCTIONS -impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets. DESMOSOMES -anchoring junctions scattered like rivets, they prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart. GAP JUNCTIONS -allow communication between cells through connexons that span the two cell membrane. THE CYTOPLASM Is the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. The "factory area" of the cell. The cytoplasm has 3 major elements: cytosol, organelles, inclusions. THE CYTOPLASM CYTOSOL -fluid containing nutrients dissolved in water that suspends other elements. ORGANELLES -metabolic machinery of the cell. INCLUSIONS -Non-functioning units that stores nutrients such as fat droplets, glycogen granules, pigments, and mucus. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, literally the "little organs", are specialized compartments, each performing its own job to maintain the life of a cell. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CELL DIVERSITY CELL DIVERSITY CELL DIVERSITY CELL DIVERSITY CELL DIVERSITY SOLUTIONS AND TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS AND TRANSPORT END OF LESSON 2 PART 1/2