Atmosphere Pressure PDF

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology AKD 20803 BASIC INSTRUMENT 2 SYNOPSIS Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology This course provides the understanding of various basic instruments used on aircraft such as pressure measuring device...

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology AKD 20803 BASIC INSTRUMENT 2 SYNOPSIS Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology This course provides the understanding of various basic instruments used on aircraft such as pressure measuring devices, temperature measuring instruments, engine speed measuring instruments, mechanical movement measurement, synchronous data transmission systems, gyroscopic instruments, compass, instrument pneumatic systems, pitot-static system, fuel quantity indicating systems, fuel monitoring systems, auxiliary instruments, and maintenance practices. 3 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Instruments A device for measuring, recording, or controlling, especially such a device functioning as part of a control system. Aircraft Instruments can be referred as gauges, indicators or tools. Instruments are used as a communicator, ie; to display to pilot the value/quantity or a situation/position of a system. Its should be located so that they can be easily views by flight crew members. Illumination of instruments should be provided for night flying an its should not glared the pilot’s vision. 4 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Instruments - Categorization Instruments are categorized according to either how they work or what kinds of information they provides. 5 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Categories according to presentation Application or presentation are divided in 3 groups: Flight and Navigational Instruments Give information concerning Speed, Altitude, Attitude, Heading, Rate of Climb etc. Eg: Air Speed Indicator, Compass, Altimeter, Artificial Horizon, Vertical Speed Indicator, Turn and Slip Indicator, Clock, etc Engine Instruments Provide information concerning the operation of the engines and power plant systems. Eg: Engine Speed, EPR, Manifold Pressure, EGT, etc Systems Instruments Provide information concerning aircraft systems such as hydraulic, electrical, pressurisation etc. Eg: Voltmeter, Suction Gauge, Vibration Indicator, Torquemeter, etc 6 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Categories according to means of operation They are group by how they are operated. Pressure instruments These measure the pressure of air, fuel, oil etc. Mechanical instruments These use a mechanical system to obtain and/or transmit information. Gyro instruments These use the principles of a gyroscope and are primarily used to displays attitude and heading of aircraft. Electrical and electronic instruments This group uses wires or fiber optic and digital technique to sense and transmit information for display and warning. 7 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Panels and Layout Purpose is to allow aircraft instruments to be mounted or installed. Type of Instrument Panels Basic 6 Panel It consists of six instruments mounted on a panel. Air Speed Indicator, Attitude Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator, Altimeter Heading ,Turn and Slip Indicator _________________________ 8 Panels and Layout Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Basic ‘T’ Panel It consists of four instrument, mounted in the shape of ‘T’ arrangement. Airspeed Indicator Attitude Indicator Altimeter Heading 9 Basic 6 and Basic T Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 0 Basic T arrangement Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 1 Basic T arrangement Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 2 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Instrument Panel P1, P2, P3 Instrument Panel The concept of P1, P2, P3 instrument panel as follows; P1 - is used to mount flight and navigational instruments for the aircraft captain to view the display. P2 - is used to mount Engine Instruments for the capt and first officer to view the display. P3 - is used to mount Flt and Nav instruments for the first officer to view the display. 1 3 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 4 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Instrument Panel Electronic/Glass Cockpit Panel Consists of six interchangeable Integrated Display Unit which is a cathode ray tube (CRT). EADI displays Primary Flight Display (PFD) EHSI displays Navigational Display (ND) EICAS displays primary and secondary engine parameters and systems Warnings. 1 5 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Glass Cockpit 1 6 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Instrument Panel 1 7 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 8 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology 1 9 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 20 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 21 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 22 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology It is a mixture of a number of gases which form a layer enveloping the earth. The largest constituent is nitrogen (about 78%). The next is oxygen (about 20%). The others are carbon dioxide, argon, neon, helium, xenon and water vapour. Issue: 01 Module 1 23 Revision: 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Temperature Increase LESS VOLUME HIGHER VOLUME HIGH DENSITY LOWER DENSITY Temperature Decrease Pressure Decrease LESS VOLUME HIGHER VOLUME HIGH DENSITY LOWER DENSITY Pressure Increase Issue: 01 24 Revision: 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Issue: 01 Module 11.4.3 25 Revision: 00 Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology HIGHER ALTITUDE WEIGHT OF AIR REDUCE 30,000 FT = 4.36 PSI LESS DENSE PRESSURE REDUCE 20,000 FT = 6.75 PSI 10,000 FT = 10.10 PSI WEIGHT OF AIR INCREASE LOWER ALTITUDE AIR MORE DENSE PRESSURE INCREASE EARTH SURFACE 14.7 PSI = ONE ATMOSPHERE  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology Atmospheric pressure: Atmosphere is held contact to earth surface by force of gravity, which produce pressure within atmosphere. This pressure when measured with Barometer it is called “Barometric Pressure”. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 27 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology b. Absolute pressure: Pressure is defined as force per unit area, P = F/A = P.S.I. A prefect vacuum is ZERO pressure. Pressure measure with reference to complete vacuum is called “Absolute Pressure”. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 28 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology c. Gauge pressure. The pressure shown on the pressure gauge or indicator. Zero reading is equal to atmospheric pressure. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 29 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology d. Pitot pressure: It is also called Impact or Dynamic pressure caused by forward movement of the aircraft through the air. In aircraft it is sense by Pitot Tube. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 30 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology e. Static pressure: Pressure of air at rest. It is sense by Pitot Tube or Static Vent. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 31 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology f. Differential pressure. The difference between two pressures applied to a body. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 32 00  Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology CHECK (CLO2) BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE DYNAMIC PRESSURE, STATIC PRESSURE, AND GAUGE PRESSURE. WHAT IS THE LAPSE RATE. Issue: 01 Revision: Module 11.4.3 33 00