1-anatomical terminology2025.pdf

Anatomical terminology Presented by Emtethal Mamdouh El-Bestawy Assistant professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University  ILOS Define: Anatomy Describe: The anatomical position. List: Structures met in dis...

Anatomical terminology Presented by Emtethal Mamdouh El-Bestawy Assistant professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine-Zagazig University  ILOS Define: Anatomy Describe: The anatomical position. List: Structures met in dissection describe fascia and list its types. Identify: Different anatomical planes. Define: Anatomical terms and movements  Anatomy It is the study of the human body structure and how the body parts are organized Description of the body parts is done while the body in the anatomical position  Anatomical position The position in which the body is: Standing erect. The eyes look straight to the front Face & palms of the hands directed forwards The upper limbs hang by the side The lower limbs are parallel with the feet together & toes pointing forwards. All the positional & directional terms are based on the anatomical position  Structures met in dissection Skin Superficial fascia Artery, Vein ,Nerve Deep fascia Muscles Bones joints  Fascia It is a Collection of connective tissue , it divides into: Superficial fascia Deep fascia  Deep fascia It is more dense than superficial fascia Collagenous bundles are more compact and more regularly arranged It is usually present in the form of membranes  Examples of deep fascia 1- Investing fascia Covers the surfaces of muscles In the neck: it forms well-defined layers, bounds fascial spaces so limits spread of infection or determine the path of infection In the limbs: forms a definite sheath around the muscles  Examples of deep fascia 2- Retinacula Localized thickening of deep fascia around joints, hold the tendons in place, prevent bowstringing of joints. NB. There is NO deep fascia in Face except parotid and masseter Breast Penis Anterior abdominal wall  Anatomical planes Reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts Median sagittal plane (Midsagittal): Vertical division of the body into right & left halves Coronal plane: A vertical plane the divides the body into anterior & posterior parts =Frontal plane, it is at right angle to the median plane Transverse (Horizontal plane): The plane at right angle to both the median & coronal planes, dividing the body by cross section Midsagittal/ upper& lower parts  Paramedian plane Any parallel plane to median sagittal plane  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS ANTERIOR ( Ventral) Toward the front of the body. E.g. The nose is on the anterior of the head. POSTERIOR (Dorsal) Toward the back of the body E.g. The heel is posterior to the toes.  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS SUPERIOR ( Cephalic)– Toward the top of the body. E.g. The shoulders are superior to the hips. INFERIOR ( Caudal)– Toward the bottom of the body. E.g. The stomach is inferior to the heart  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS MEDIAL: Toward the midline of the body. LATERAL: Away from the midline of the body. DISTAL: Away from the trunk. PROXIMAL: Nearer to the trunk  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS AXIS- The imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part. CENTRAL: Towards the central axis of the body. PERIPHERAL: Away from the central axis of the body.  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS PRONE – Face down SUPINE – Face up  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS DEEP – Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface. The thigh muscles are deep to the skin SUPERFICIAL – Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside. E.g. The skin is a superficial organ Plantar & dorsal surfaces of foot (Sole)  MOVEMENTS Flexion – means decrease the angle between bones or body parts Extension – increase the angle between bones or body parts  MOVEMENTS DORSIFLEXION – Flexion at the ankle joint -- it is upward movement of the foot so that its dorsal (superior) surface approaches the shin, reducing the angle between them, PLANTARFLEXION –extension at the ankle joint -- it is downward movement of the foot, increasing the angle between dorsal surface and the shin.  MOVEMENTS ABDUCTION – means moving away from body midline. E.g. Moving an upper-limb away from the side of the body. ADDUCTION – means moving toward the body midlin E.g. Moving an upper-limb toward the side of the body  MOVEMENTS ROTATION – involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis MEDIAL ROTATION – Rotation toward the midline of the body. LATERAL ROTATION – Rotation away from the midline of the body Palmar & dorsal surfaces of hand Palm Dorsum  MOVEMENTS PRONATION – Rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (backward) and the dorsum of the hand faces anteriorly (frontward). SUPINATION – Rotation of the forearm so the palm of the hand faces anteriorly (frontward) and the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly (backward)  MOVEMENTS OPPOSITION – Movement by which the pad of the thumb is brought to another digit pad. E.g. We use this movement to pinch, button a shirt.  MOVEMENTS PROTRUSION – Anterior (forward) movement. RETRUSION – Posterior (backward) movement.  MOVEMENTS PROTRACTION- (SCAPULAR ABDUCTION) Shoulder girdle moves forward RETRACTION – (SCAPULAR ADDUCTION) Shoulder girdle moves backward  MOVEMENTS EVERSION – Lateral (outward) rotation of sole of foot. INVERSION – Medial (inward) rotation of the sole of foot. Thank you