Measurement Past Paper PDF - 2024/2025

MEASUREMENT Objectives: 1. Understand different ways of expressing the function of measurement. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2. Know examples for the “adjectives and nouns” that can be used in measurement....

MEASUREMENT Objectives: 1. Understand different ways of expressing the function of measurement. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2. Know examples for the “adjectives and nouns” that can be used in measurement. 3. Apply the right rule for forming the nouns and verbs 4. Apply different forms of “question form” in measurement. 5. Appreciate that the history of the scientific progress has run parallel to the ever increasing precision in measurement. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 "Without quantification there is no scientific subject", Lord Kelvin 1890. Pre-Test Evaluate yourself throughout this test and write here your score ……/10 Fill in the gaps in the sentences according to the definitions. The first two letters are given. Example: How de……. is the Pacific ocean? (distance from the surface to the bottom) - How deep is the Pacific ocean? 1. In 1841, Sir George Everest, a colonial official, recorded the location and the he…….. of the most famous mountain in the world, (altitude) 1  2. GIS (geographic information systems) are designed to process massive am………… of data, (quantities) 3. The hearing ra………. of bats is enormous; it goes from 50 to 100,000 cycles. (from the lowest to the highest limit, extent) 4. It is said that Galileo dropped objects from the leaning tower of Pisa to prove ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ that the speed of fall is not proportional to we…………. (a force measured in kg) 5. Colonial power depended on navigation. In 1714, the British Parliament offered a prize of £20,000 to the first man to develop an ac…………. marine chronometer, (exact, precise) 6. A six-year-old, male alligator ha a le……… of approximately 190 centimeters, (longitudinal dimension) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 7. Xavier LePichon, a French seismologist, was able to wo…………………….the basic geometry of plate tectonics from seismic evidence, (calculate 2 words) 8. As a meteorite enters the atmosphere, it si…………….. (decelerates 2 words). 9. The av…………… brain temperature of animals hibernating in theArctic may d rop to 6°C. (statistically normal, mean) 10. The notion of square ro………………… was invented in the 9thcentury byAra bian mathematicians, (a factor of a number that when multiplied by itself gives the number). The answer 1. height 2. Amounts 3. Range 4. weight 5. accurate 6. length 7. work out 8. slows down 9. average 10. root 2  Measurement is a fundamental concept that permeates every aspect of our daily lives, scientific endeavors, and technological advancements. At its core, measurement is the process of quantitatively determining the attributes of objects or events through the use of standard units. Importance of Measurement ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ Measurement is crucial for various reasons. Firstly, it enables consistency and accuracy in scientific research. Without measurement, scientific experiments would lack reproducibility and reliability. Secondly, measurement is essential for trade and commerce. Standard units ensure that transactions are fair and that goods are accurately priced and measured. Thirdly, measurement plays a vital role in daily life. From cooking recipes to construction projects, accurate measurements ensure efficiency and safety. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Units and Systems of Measurement Metric System: Widely used globally and based on the decimal system. The primary units include meters (length), kilograms (mass), and liters (volume). Imperial System: Commonly used in the United States, includes units such as inches, feet, pounds, and gallons. SI Units (International System of Units): An extension of the metric system, SI units include seven base units for various physical quantities, such as the second for time, ampere for electric current, and mole for the amount of substance. Key points: measurement 1. Adjectives 3  Deep ≠ shallow The pool has a deep end for diving and a shallow end for children to play safely. Far ≠ near The library is far from my apartment, but the coffee shop is near. Fast ≠ slow The car moved fast on the highway but had to go slow through the narrow streets ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ of the town. Heavy ≠ light The box was too heavy for me to lift, but the bag was light enough to carry easily. high ≠ low The airplane flew high above the clouds, while the birds soared low over the trees. long ≠ short The long meeting was made bearable by the short coffee breaks. odd ≠ even 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 She noticed that the odd numbers were painted red, while the even numbers were painted blue. thick ≠ thin The artist used both thick and thin brushes to create a variety of textures in the painting wide / broad ≠ narrow The wide river flowed through the broad valley, eventually narrowing into a small stream The wide road eventually narrowed into a small, winding path through the forest. accurate ≠ inaccurate While the data provided in the report is accurate, the conclusions drawn from it are unfortunately inaccurate. average / mean 4  The average score of the class was 75, but the mean score, which accounts for the outliers, was slightly higher at 78. standard ≠ substandard 2. Nouns Amount, extent, measurement, range, size, span, speed ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ Accuracy, average, level, mean, rate, scale, stage, step ex. The rate of acceleration is expressed in meters per second. Check, study, survey Area, circumference, cross section, diameter, radius ex. The cross section of the wire is 0.22 mm2, (nought point twenty two square millimeters) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Rules for noun formation  Adj / verb + th / t + (vowel change) ex. Depth, height long/ length weight, width The depth of the ocean at this point is over 10,000 feet, making it one of the deepest parts of the world.  Adj + ness ex. hardness heavy/ heaviness nearness, thickness The hardness of the diamond makes it one of the most durable materials on Earth  Verb + ment To develop/ development measurement movement 5  3. Verbs Rules for forming verbs  Noun/ adj + 0 (no change) ex. to narrow ≠ to thin to range / to span/ to reach to record / to plot to rate / to check / to monitor The engineers carefully plotted the course of the new highway to avoid ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ environmentally sensitive areas  Noun adj + en ex. to deepen to lengthen to shorten to thicken to widen The river widens when it leaves the canyon  Noun / adj + adj particle 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 ex. to check up to level off to slow down ≠ to speed up to step up to work out The speed of the neutrons is slowed down by the beryllium moderator After several attempts, they were finally able to work out a solution to the complex problem When the team needed a leader, she decided to step up and take charge 4. Structures Dimensions can be expressed by 4 different structures It is 100 m in height It is 100 m in width It is 100 m in depth It is 100 m in diameter 6 ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ It is 100 m high It is 100 m wide It is 100 m long It is 100 m thick 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Its radius is 100 m Its length is 100 m Its cross-section is 100 m It is circumference is 100 m It has a diameter of 100 m It has a length of 100 cm It has a weight of 100 kg 7  5. Other measurements  Area: To obtain the area, you multiply the length by the width. It measures 10 cm by 10 cm. The area is 100 cm2 (a hundred square cm). ℼ r2 (pi r squared), √ x (the square root of x)  Volume: The volume is 1000 cm3 (a thousand cubic centimeters). ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ x3 (x cubed) √3 x (the cube root of x)  Power: x 9 (x to the power nine / x to the ninth) x-9 (x to the power minus nine / x to the minus nine) 6. Approximate measurements It is approximately 100 m thick 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 We can substitute “approximately” by about, roughly, more or less, almost, nearly, a little over, slightly under 7. Questions It weighs 100 kg How heavy is it? How much does it weigh? What does it weigh? It is 100 km away How far is it? How many kilometres away is it? What is the distance? 8  Questions with their answers 1. Replace the words which are in bold and underlined by synonyms, antonyms or by an explanation. Dead ducks from down under Dromornis stirtoni, an extinct flightless bird, lived in Australia roughly 8 million ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ years ago. It was probably the heaviest bird in the history of evolution, with a weight of slightly more than 500 Kg although its wing span was very small. A considerable amount of information has been obtained from the recent finds in Queensland, enabling scientists to work out basic measurements. From a morphological point of view, Dormornis stirtoni appears to be similar to an emu or an ostrich, however, scientists now believe that it is related to the duck species, as the massive dimensions of the head show. The bird attained a height of over 3 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 meters. The large head and formidable beak suggest that the bird was carnivorous. The cross section of fossils of the leg bones reveals that the bird had short, thick legs indicating that it could not have run as fast as the ostrich. The width of the body was about the same as the length of the neck and legs. Answer: roughly= approximately, weight= mass, slightly more = much less wing span = distance from one wing tip to the other, amount = quantity, work out = calculate, attained = reached, cross section = transversal dimension, width = distance across 9  2. Write the answer of the following questions in full. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 1. What would you guess is the total length of the bridge? (2.2 km ). It probably has a total ………. of 2024/2025 approximately ……........... 2024/2025 2024/2025 2. How long is the central span? (856m) The central span ……………………. In …………………………… 3. How wide is the roadway? (10.5m/16.6m/23.6m) The ………………………. is …………………….. 4. What is the approximate height of each tower? (210 m). Each tower ……………… roughly ………in ……………… 5. What is the height of the bridge above sea level? (52 m) The ………………….. about …………………… 10  6. Give a rough estimation of the weight of each concrete tower. (20,000 t) Each tower ……………….. at least ………tonnes Answer 1. It probably has a total length of approximately 2.2 km. 2. The central span is 856 m in length. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 3. The width is 23.6 m. 4. Each tower is roughly 210 m in height. 5. The height is about 52 m. 6. Each tower weighs at least 20,000 tonnes. Describe the pictures using the following words 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 1. average (+ almost) 2. to range (+ weight) 3. circumference (+ slightly over) 4. volume (+ roughly) 5. odd (+ each hand) 6. width (+ what?) 7. narrow (+ arteries) 11  8. monitor (+ heartbeat) 9. thin (+ skin) Answer 1. The average length of the fetus is almost 7 cm. 2. The weight ranges from 28 to 35 gm. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 3. The circumference of the head is slightly over 8 cm. 4. The volume of the amniotic liquid is roughly 60 ml. 5. There is an odd number of fingers on each hand. 6. What is the width of the umbilical cord? 7. The nutrients are supplied through the narrow arteries. 8. The heartbeat can be monitored in the 9th week. 9. Blood vessels can be seen through the thin skin. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Complete the sentences in this table Adjectives Nouns verbs I.The road is not 1.The main problem 1. Why don't they …………… wide enough. is the ……… the road? of the road. 2. we need better 2. 2.We require techniques to ………… measuring All the …………… ………….. more accurately techniques … were wrong. 12  3. A lack of 3. The…… Of the 3.Lack of vitamins causes illnesses vitamins can have potential diseases which ……….from goitre to wide- ranging is considerable. anaemia. effects 4.Cotton is a textile 4.It is cheap because 4.Genetically modified with short fibres of the …….. of the cotton can ……………….the growing fibres season. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬. 5. There is a weak Because of the …… Raising the temperature ………… attractive force …. of attraction the the molecular attraction. between the molecules can be ………… the molecular attraction. molecules. separated. 6. The car has got first It has been ……….. The deluxe model Class …………… with the latest gadgets. is well equipped. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 7. When the eye …………. The eye ……………. as becomes red, it is a of the eye is a the bacteria spread. symptom of symptom of bacterial infection. conjunctivitis. 8. How ………… The ………… of a A horse can weigh almost 1000 kg. is a horse? horse can attain roughly 1000 kg? The answer 1. wide/width / widen 2. measuring / measurements / measure 3. ranging / range / range 4. short / shortness / shortens 13  5. weak/weakness/weakens 6. equipped / equipment / equipped 7. red / redness / reddens G.Notes' 8. heavy / weight / weigh ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ Replace the words which are in bold and underlined by synonyms, antonyms or by an explanation. Dead ducks from down under Dromornis stirtoni, an extinct flightless bird, lived in Australia roughly 8 million y ears ago. It was probably the heaviest bird in the history of evolution, with a weight of slightly more than 500 Kg although its wing span was very small. A 2024/2025 2024/2025 considerable amount of information has been obtained from the 2024/2025 recent finds in Queensland, enabling scientists to work out basic measurements. From a morphological point of view, Dormornis stirtoni appears to be similar to an emu or an ostrich, however, scientists now believe that it is related to the duck species, as the massive dimensions of the head show. The bird attained a height of over 3 meters. The large head and formidable beak suggest that the bird was carnivorous. The cross section of fossils of the leg bones reveals that the bird had short, thick legs indicating that it could not have run as fast as the ostrich. The width of the body was about the same as the length of the neck and legs. The answer Down Under: a name for Australia and New Zealand, the Antipodes roughly= approximately, weight= mass, slightly more = much less wing span = distance from one wing tip to the other, amount = quantity, 14  work out = calculate, attained = reached, cross section = transversal dimension, width = distance across Significance of Precision and Accuracy Precision and accuracy are two key concepts in scientific measurement, and while ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ they may seem similar, they refer to different aspects of measurement quality. Precision Precision refers to the consistency or repeatability of measurements. In other words, it's about how close repeated measurements of the same object or quantity are to each other. High precision means that the measurements are very close to each other, but they are not necessarily close to the true value. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 For example, if you measure the length of a table three times and get 2.01 meters, 2.02 meters, and 2.01 meters, those measurements are precise because they are close to each other. Precision is important in scientific experiments because it shows the reliability of the measurements. Accuracy Accuracy, on the other hand, refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. High accuracy means that the measurement is very close to the actual value. Using the same table example, if the true length of the table is 2.00 meters and your measurements are 2.01 meters, 2.05 meters, and 2.00 meters, the average of your measurements is accurate since it's close to the true value. 15  Combining Precision and Accuracy In an ideal world, measurements should be both precise and accurate. However, it's possible to have: Precise but not accurate measurements: If you measure the table length multiple ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ times and get results like 2.10 meters, 2.11 meters, and 2.10 meters, your measurements are precise (consistent) but not accurate (not close to the true value). Accurate but not precise measurements: If your measurements are 1.95 meters, 2.05 meters, and 2.00 meters, your average may be close to the true value (accurate), but the individual measurements are not consistent (not precise). 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Neither precise nor accurate measurements: If your measurements are all over the place and not close to the true value, like 1.80 meters, 2.20 meters, and 2.00 meters, then they are neither precise nor accurate 16  Choose: 1. Which noun is formed from the verb "to achieve"? a) Achievement b) Achiever c) Achieving d) Achievation 2. This pool has a deep end for diving. However, that pool has a ……….. end for ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ children to play safely. a) high b) shallow c)distant d) narrow 3. “3” is an odd number while 4 is an ……. Number a) small b)big c)even d) low 4. How ……… is the Pacific ocean? a) height b)long c) deep d) short 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 5. The ………of the diamond makes it one of the most durable materials on Earth a) hardt b)hardth c)hardness d)hardment 6. It is 100 m …… a) width b) wide c) in wide d) on wide 7. It is 100 m ……….. a) high b) height c) on height d) in high 8. It is 100 m ……….. a) in high b) height c) in height d) on height 1  9. It has a ………….. 100 cm a) length b) long c) length of d) length 10. It has a ……….. 100 kg a) weight of b)weight c)weight in d)weight on ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 11. 100 cm2 is …………. a) a hundred squared cm b) a hundred square cm b) a square hundred cm d)pi r squared 12. √ x is …………. a) the square root x b) the squared root x c) the root of square x d)the square root of x 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 13. x3 is ………. a) cubed x b)x cubed c) cube x d) x cube 14. x 9 is …………. a) x to nine b) x to ninth c) x to the power nine d) b and c are right 15. It is about 100 m thick, e can substitute the word “about” by……….. a) roughly b)more or less c) approximately d) all the above 16. It weighs 100 kg. The correct question of this answer is …………….. a) How heavy is it? b) how much do it weigh? c) what did it weigh? d) all answers are wrong 2  17. It is 100 km away. The correct question of this answer is …………….. a) How many kilometres does it? b) How far is it? c) How many kilometres is it? d) all answers are wrong 18. The average ………. of the fetus is almost 7 cm. a) area b)voume c) length d) all the above ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 19. The ………… of the head is slightly over 8 cm a) area b ) voume c) circumference d) all answers are wrong 20. The ………. ranges from 28 to 35 gm. a) length b) volume c) area d) weight 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 21. The ………. of the amniotic liquid is roughly 60 ml. a) area b) length c) volume d) all answers are wrong 22. The ………. is equal to 75 cm3 a) length b) volume c) area d) weight 23. Which noun is formed from the verb "to enjoy"? a) Enjoyation b) Enjoying c) Enjoyment d) Enjoyer 24. 20. The ………. ranges from 28 to 35 cm a) length b) volume c) area d) weight 25. Which verb corresponds to the noun "agreement"? a) To agree b) To agreee c) To agreen d) To agreeable 3  26. Which noun is formed from the verb "to improve"? a) Improvement b) Improver c) Improving d) Improvment 27. Which verb corresponds to the noun "commitment"? a) To commit b) To commitee c) To commise d) To committed ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 28. The ………. is 35 cm2 a) length b) volume c) area d) weight 29. The volume is …………… a) 35 m3, b) 35 cubic meters, c) 35 liters d) All answers are right 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 30. How ……… is the Pacific ocean? a) depth b)deepest c) deep d) dept 31. The deepest part of the ocean, reaches a ……….. of about 11,000 meters a) deep b) depth c) deepness d)deept 32. The area of this room is …………… a) 80 m3, b) 35 square meters, c) 35cubic meters) All answers are right 33. How ……… is your hair? a) height b)long c) length d) all answers are right 34. What is the ……….. of this building? a) height b) tall c) long d) all answers are wrong 4  35. It has a weight ……….. 100 kg a) up b) on c) of d) in ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 5  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] FREQUENCY Frequency is the expression of repetition. It refers to events that occur more often than once and less often than always. Frequency is, of course, related to measurement. This function can be expressed by: - Lexical items (particularly adverbs), - Grammatical structures (particularly word formation), - Certain fixed adverbial phrases. Self evaluation entry test ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ Fill in the blanks using appropriate expressions. The first two letters of the answer are printed. Example: The batteries must be recharged tw……. a month, (two times) The batteries must be recharged twice a month. 1. Under stress, the heart be ……. faster. (Pulsates) 2. Over the past 100,000 years, the polar ice sheets have advanced or retreated depending on periodic sw …… in2024/2025 2024/2025 the climate. (Variations, oscillations) 2024/2025 3. The famous 19th century millionaire, Carnegie, immigrated to the US from Scotland and began work in a factory for $1.20 pe ……. week. (Each) 4. There will be a re ……. of epidemics as soon as natural immunization dies out. (They will happen again, repeated incidence) 5. The Ebola virus produces a mortality ra ……. which can be as high as 88% in human beings. (A measure of frequency) 6. Over the past 300 years, the average height of Europeans has increased St …… (Regularly) 7. The world population is growing fast. A new child is born ev …… 60 seconds. (Each minute) 8. The se …… of earthquakes that struck Missouri in 1811 were among the most powerful ever experienced in the United States. (Succession, repeated incidents) 1  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 9. It is estimated that the ho …… flow of water of the Amazon River is between 12,000 and 44,000 million liter. (Every 60 minutes) 10. The strength of a steel alloy depends on the ra …… of iron to carbon. (Mathematical relationship of proportion) Functions & Grammar KEY POINTS - FREQUENCY ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 1. Adverbs Politicians seldom admit their mistakes. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 From time to time, there are violent cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico. 2. Adjectives regular steady even constant non-stop irregular random unpredictable periodic intermittent recurrent repeated cyclic oscillating alternating fluctuating There were recurrent interruptions throughout the whole meeting. There is a relatively even distribution of the population in Holland. 3. Nouns an oscillation wave wavelength pulse beat a group set cluster range array pattern A series of remarkable events occurred. 2  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The Galapagos consist of a cluster of islands in the Pacific. 4. Verbs To recur repeat reduplicate echo to oscillate fluctuate vibrate alternate beat swing In politics, public opinion periodically swings from left to right. If the symptoms recur, you should consult a doctor at once. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 5. Word formation 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 A weekly newspaper. They rearranged the furniture in the office. 6. Fixed expressions are also used to indicate: Recurrence They are producing cars at a rate of 100 /per day. He goes to the hospital for a checkup every other month. Ratio 3  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Two out of three road accidents are caused by alcohol. In Denmark, three in ten people speak two foreign languages. The normal ratio of girls to boys is 100:106. (a hundred to a hundred and six) Examples in context COMPETITION RUNNING: 800 METRES Before reading the text, answer the following questions: 1. What are aerobic exercises? ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2. What is lactate acid - when is it produced? 3. Is it advisable for athletes to train without running shoes? Replace the underlined words by synonyms, antonyms or by explanation. Find out what AT running is. PRE SEASON TRAINING SCHEDULE: The following schedule was designed by Australian trainers to prepare athletes the 1st week of the final month before for2024/2025 the season begins. 2024/2025 2024/2025 Notes 4  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The importance of aerobic running is crucial to 800 m training. Aerobic running involves continued, nonstop activity at a steady and relatively slow speed. The necessary oxygen is provided by the respiratory and cardiovascular system and virtually no lactate acid should build up in the muscles. The heart rate should be approximately 60-75% of maximum, seldom exceeding 130-145 beats per minute. As aerobic capacity improves, running speeds will be gradually increased. Training should be carried out daily. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ To avoid monotony, the pattern of track training must be varied. A set of runs over different distances, followed by short recuperation periods, enables the body to rebuild its forces. Aerobic threshold training (AT) should be carried out no more than once a week at the beginning of the period, and twice a week when the season begins. Hill sessions are exercises designed to develop power. They consist of 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 short, low speed, uphill runs on slopes with gradients of no more than 1 in 6. Work in the gymnasium is scheduled every second day. Exercises will range from weightlifting to exercises designed to improve body posture, arm swing and to strengthen muscles in the back and abdomen. Relaxation of foot muscles can be obtained by walking barefoot in sand or on grass. Exercises 2.1. Exercise ADVERBS - Answer the questions and give a reason why. Example: Periodically, I go to see the doctor in order to have a checkup. 1. What is steadily decreasing? 5  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 2. Give an example of an event that happens from time to time 3. In what sort of situation do people work non-stop? 4. What sort of accident seldom occurs? 5. Where do you hardly ever go? ADJECTIVES – Supply the missing words. 6. Gases consist of molecules that are in fast ………….. motion. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 7. Glaciers are formed by a ………. process of sublimation and recrystalization. 8. The ………… climate during the Pleistocene period was responsible for the extinction of many species. 9. The "Spirit of St Louis" made the first ……….. transatlantic flight in 1927. 10.Pulsars emit short ……….. bursts of radiation about once per second. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 (a. recurrent b. fluctuating c. periodic d. random e. nonstop) NOUNS 11.The depth of the sea can be measured by echo-sounding techniques consisting of acoustic ……………. 12.Coconuts grow on trees in ………… of 10 or 20. 13.Its high strength-to-weight ……….. makes aluminum useful in the construction of aircraft. 14.The fermented liquid which contains between 7 and 12% ethanol is concentrated to 95% by a ……… of distillations. 15.Antibiotics came into use in the 1950’s and have totally changed the ………. of disease and death. (f. pattern g. series h. clusters i. pulses j. ratio) 6  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] VERBS 16.The electric current from standard generators ………. in direction. 17.The radio beam ……....... more strongly in this part of the moon which suggests that there may be underground ice. 18.The speed at which the pendulum ……….. depends on its length. 19.At this stage, the organism ……….. itself and combines several genes producing immunoglobulin. 20.Yellow fever is a disease that never ……….; one attack provides ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ immunity for life. (k. echoes I. swings m. recurs n. reorganizes o. alternates) 2.2. Bats versus butterflies Before reading the text ask your partner 4 questions about bats. Use the words: WHEN WHY HOW WHAT... Find 3 ecological advantages for bats for being nocturnal. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Insert the following words in the gaps: RATE ECHOES PERIODICALLY WAVES RANGE PER SERIES (1-7) RANDOM FREQUENCIES USUALLY WAVELENGTH DAILY PROPORTION PULSES PATTERN (8-5) 7  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] It is well known that bats use a sonar system to navigate, that is to say, that they emit sound (1) ………… which are reflected back as ………… It is this that enables them to locate objects and food. These waves are emitted ………… and are in the 20-50 kilohertz ………… As the bat gets nearer to its target, the ……….. increases, finally reaching several hundred emissions ………… second. The ability to navigate acoustically has several advantages for bats. It ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ means that they can fly by night when the temperature is lower which reduces the danger of dehydration. This is critical for bats because of their enormous skin area. It also means that they are free from attack from predators and above all, it means that there is less competition for food. However, faced with such a predator some lepidoptera have undergone a …………… of genetic mutations, developing more sensitive hearing organs which enable them to detect the acoustic (8) ………….. used by bats. They can consequently take evasive action and survive. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 But nature, as Darwin pointed out, is not static and the race between the predators and their victims does not stop there. Jens Rydell of the University of Aberdeen and Raphael Arlettaz of the University of Lausanne (1994) have shown that a certain European bat, "Tadarid a teniotis" searches for its prey using much lower ………….. than those ………… used by other bats. They are so low (between 11 and 12 kHz) that insects are incapable of detecting them. This development in echolocation has, however, an evolutionary cost. The 12 kHz frequency corresponds to a …………. of 3 cm; consequently, object s which are smaller than the wavelength are not detected. Rydell and Arlettaz concluded that the feeding …………. of "Tadarid a teniotis" would therefore be different from that of other bats and their diet would not include insects with a wing span smaller than 3 cm, except for ……….. catches, as these would be too small to detect. 8  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Rydell and Arlettaz carried out an experimental study to check this hypothesis. Over a period of 3 weeks, they made a ………… examination of samples of bat droppings found in caves in Sisteron in southeastern France. The findings confirmed the hypothesis. Rydell and Arlettaz found the …………. of large insects was significantly higher, ranging from 68.3 to 86.8% of the total diet. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 2.3. A space gymnasium Do you think these statements are true or false? 1. Astronauts can spend up to two and a half hours a day on exercises. T/F. 2. There have been "rebellions" during missions when astronauts have refused to obey ground control. T/F. 3. Approximately 50% of cosmonauts can walk unaided when they arrive back on Earth. T/F. 4. Physical exercises are intensified just before returning to Earth. T/F. A major issue facing space medicine is the potentially harmful effects of residence in a microgravity environment. Future long-term space missions depend on finding solutions to these problems. 9  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Supply the missing words. Past experience has shown that prolonged conditions of weightlessness during space missions can lead to re ……….. (repeated) problems of cardio- vascular and muscle atrophy, to bone calcium loss, to sleep disturbance, to fluid redistribution and to psychological asthenia, stress and depression. Psychological disorders, though se ………….. (rarely) serious, can in fact be ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ crucial and, in one case (Skylab 4), led to a 24-hour "rebellion" when the crew refused to cooperate with ground control. In so far as muscular atrophy is concerned, a se ………. (succession, set) of remedial exercises to minimize physical de-conditioning was introduced from the start (Gemini 1965). Little by little however, it became plain that they were insufficient or applied too ra …………… (without method) as they failed to maintain preflight musculoskeletal mass. Approximately one ………. ten (1:10) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 cosmonauts was unable to walk unaided on re-entry. Valeri Polyakov spent more than 1 year in space on the MIR mission which has provided the largest amount of data concerning extended space flight. The remedial exercises used during this mission were divided into 3 phases. The first phase lasted only 5 days and was designed to allow the astronauts to adapt to the space environment. Then, the exercises st ………… (at a constant rate) increased in length and load until they reached 2 hr 30 minutes per day. Finally, there was a slight reduction during the 2 month pre-entry phase. TRAINING SCHEDULE Phase 1 Voluntary isometric exercises involving neck, back and leg muscles. Phase 2 Al ……… (one after the other) bicycle ergometer and treadmill exercises tw …….. (2 times) a day, the length of the 10  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] exercises gr …….. (little by little) increasing to 2x1 hour a day. Phase 3 Additional walking exercises using bungee cords for upper body musculation for 30 minutes per day. Shanon Lucid walking on the treadmill in MIR Space Station 1996 The International Space Station programme involves no ………… (continual) residence in space. Consequently, it will be necessary to reorganize ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ protocols in a more systematic way. This will be facilitated by the more sophisticated instrumentation that will be available, allowing pe …………. (from time to time) checkups to monitor the heart be …………. (pulsation), fl ……….. (changes) in cardiac rhythm and weekly verification of osteoporosis by ultrasound probes. 2.4. Checkpoints IN OTHER WORDS Definitions- 2024/2025 relative clauses: "which2024/2025 / that" 2024/2025 Make a definition using the pattern: "An X i s a Y which does Z." Example: "A bat is a mammal which flies by nigh” Define these words used in Exercise 2.2: predator sonar system skin food BACK TO BASICS "Actually": do you use this word correctly? Is the following sentence correct or not? "Actually, the number of illiterate people in the world is increasing steadily." THE WORD WEB – MULTI - WORD VERBS 11  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The meaning of many verbs depends on the preposition or adverb that follows. These are called multi-word (or phrasal) verbs. Match the meaning of the verb with the definition and then write in the correct particle for each verb: IN OF UP OUT FOR ON. 1. When visibility is reduced, airports rely …..……. radar control. 2. In 1830, Babbage designed a machine to carry ……… complex ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ arithmetical calculations. 3. A protein may consist ………. several polypeptide chains held together by weak molecular bonds. 4. In 1937, four Soviet scientists set …………. Temporary scientific stations on drifting icebergs in the Arctic. 5. Chemists can work ……..…. the number of carbon atoms from the weight of the object. 6. Testosterone is involved ………….. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 the development of secondary sex characteristics such as the growth of body hair, and changes in the larynx. 7. It is the ability to use the Sun and the stars to navigate which accounts ……….. the migration of birds. 8. The level of pH depends ……… the strength of the acid. a. to do / to perform b. to be made of /formed from c. to be determined by d. to calculate /find the solution e. to create / establish f. to use because you have confidence g. to be linked /a necessary part of h. to provide an explanation 2.5. Web search Find out more about space travel. Consult the FAQs at the NASA Life science site: >http://weboflife.ksc.nasa.gov/faq.htm/ Who was Babbage? (see The word web, question no°2 ) 12  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Use the search string: Word search If you are not sure of how to use "actually" (see Back to basics), make a Web search and find 6 examples in context. Which of the following expressions matches your examples best? IN PRACTICE REALLY IT IS SURPRISING, BUT TRUE ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 13  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Questions for Unit 2 Fill in the gaps according to the definitions given in brackets. 1. Six days after fertilization, the embryo consists of a cl ……….. o f 100-300 cells, (agglomeration, concentrated group) 2. Because of the high altitude, climatic conditions in Afghanistan exhibit great da ………… and seasonal variations, (over a period of 24 hours) 3. The skeleton of reptiles fits the general bone pa …………. of the other ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ vertebrates, (schema, model) 4. Mid-ocean earthquakes are fairly frequent, but se ………… have any harmful effect, (not often, rarely) 5. The hepatitis B virus is present throughout the world and the cause of re ……….. epidemics, (repeated, again and again) 6. There was an ar …………… of solar panels on the roof of the building. (a series, display) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 7. A major health problem is that medical facilities are not ev …………. distributed across the country, (regularly, equally) 8. The figures for those employed in agriculture ra …………… from 64% in Africa to less than 4% in Canada, (extend, vary) 9. Evolutionary artificial intelligence copies biology. Its programs make ra …………. changes to its own rules and select the best results. (unpredictable) 10. It ha …………. ever rains in the Gibson desert in Australia, (rarely) 14  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Unit 3 COMPARISON Comparison is one of the ways of relating ideas and objects to each other. The comparison can either be one of difference or one of similarity. Of course, comparison is frequently expressed by means of grammatical forms such as the comparative and the superlative. However, there is also a large store of lexical items which express similar meanings. For example: ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ ­ "to accelerate" means "to go faster", ­ "the two samples are similar" means that they have been compared. Functions & Grammar KEY POINTS ­ COMPARISON 1. 2024/2025 Irregular forms 2024/2025 2024/2025 good / better / the best ≠ bad / worse / the worst many / more / the most ≠ few / fewer / the fewest much / more / the most ≠ little / less/the least far / farther / the farthest ▪ far/further/the furthest █ Note ­ Farther is used to indicate greater distance. ­ Further often means "supplementary, additional". I can go no farther. Further details can be obtained at the information office. 1  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 2. Difference █ Comparative (superiority) TO BECOME / MAKE SOMETHING (+) BIG to increase ­ grow ­ expand ­ lengthen ­ widen ­ enlarge ­ extend ­ spread (+) HIGH ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ to raise lift heighten (+) GOOD to improve boost enhance Blood transfusion is used by athletes to enhance performance. █ Comparative (inferiority) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 TO BECOME / MAKE SOMETHING (­) BIG to decrease reduce lessen shorten lower (­) GOOD to worsen weaken deteriorate Little by little the patient's condition worsened. █ Superlative meaning (++) IMPORTANT the chief main leading foremost 2  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (++) HIGH the top peak tip The foremost concern of the government is unemployment. 3. Similar or equal things can be contrasted SIMILARITY / DISSIMILARITY ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ it is like / unlike similar to the same as equal to in comparison by contrast COMPATIBILITY to match fit suit correspond DUALITY both either/or neither/ nor 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Before transfusion the blood groups must be matched. 4. As + as twice large 3 times fast half + As + expensive + As nearly much/many almost likely Meteorite craters are roughly 20 times as large as the objects that caused them. Electrons can travel almost as fast as light. 3  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 5. Other comparative patterns The situation is getting worse and worse. (COMP + AND + COMP) The richer people become, the less happy they are. (COMP + subject + verb) + (COMP + subject + verb) 6. Word formation Adjectives of comparison expressing similarity. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ NOUN + like An earth­like atmosphere (similar to the Earth) NOUN + shaped A bell­shaped curve (with the shape of) 7. Prefixes Comparison can also be expressed by prefixes. █ Over (more than required) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 to overload a circuit ­ to overestimate the results ­ to overheat an engine ­ to overeat █ Under (less than required) the meat is undercooked an underdeveloped country underpaid workers an understaffed research project █ Out (better or greater than) to outdo the competitors women outnumber men the advantages outweigh the disadvantages 4  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Examples in context 1. THE CL 160 ­ BACK TO THE FUTURE 1.When and where did the Hindenburg Zeppelin crash?  2. Where was it coming from?  3. Why did it crash?  4. What did the Zeppelins carry? Is it possible for old, outdated techno­ logies to find a place in the modern world? This report seems to suggest that they can. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ █ Replace the underlined words by antonyms. CARGOLIFTER NETWORK GMBH: This Berlin­based company plans to build a new generation of airships, the CL 160, for heavy transport. One survey suggests that there is a potential world market for at least 200 airships. CargoLifter believes that this is a considerable underestimation. HELIUM: The new generation of airships will be helium­filled. Although helium is heavier than hydrogen and has 7% less lifting power, it is not 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 flammable which considerably lessens fire risks. POLYESTER MEMBRANES: Recent breakthroughs in materials science will be exploited to enhance performance. The craft's skin will be made of a multi­layered poly­ester membrane which, unlike the cotton used in pre­war models, is waterproof. This will minimize both weight increases due to rain and gas leaks. The structure will be strengthened by an aluminum frame. DIMENSIONS: The CL 160 is 260 m long with a diameter of 65 m and a gas volume of 550,000 m3. Power is provided by eight gas­turbine engines driving six­meter propellers boosted by 12 thrust units for maneuvering. The cruising speed is 90 kph at an altitude of 2,000 m. The CL 160 is designed to carry payloads weighing as much as 160 tones, with volumes up to 3,200 m3. The potential range is 3,000­10,000 kilometers. 5  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ADVANTAGES: The foremost advantage of the CL 160 is that it does not need to land to unload. Cargo is lowered by cable from an altitude of 100 m. This reduces the need for large­scale ground infrastructures such as roads, major airfields and ports. Economically, this is crucial, as the fewer infrastructures there are, the cheaper transport costs become. A further advantage is that delivery times to remote destinations can be considerably shortened. USES: The airship is best­suited for transporting heavy and voluminous cargoes such as turbines. It will be especially useful for construction industries and for ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ inshore and offshore oil exploration firms. It could also play a leading role in the humanitarian aid sector. Exercises a) Work in pairs. First, give a definition of the word to your partner, then explain the different rules for making the comparative and superlative. 1. Warm 2. Easy 3. Expensive (+) 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 4. Expensive (­) (i.e. the comparative of inferiority ­ the opposite of n°3 ) 5. Thin 6. The phrase: "+ expensive car = + good car" 7. Why is the superlative form (nearly) always preceded by "the"? b) Use the adjectives to ask 6 different superlative questions about the nouns in the box. When possible, use qualifying expressions like "the biggest in the world ­ the biggest in Europe – the biggest I have ever seen". Example: What is the most dangerous snake in India? ➔The cobra is the most dangerous snake in India. 6  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] IRREGULAR city ­ galaxy ­ hospital ­ language bad – good – little learning method ­ desert ­ written 1 SYLLABLE near – large – fast – hot documents ­ profession ­ climate ­ 2 SYLLABLES + Y star ­ layer ­ temperature ­ scientist early – healthy – easy – heavy ­ animal ­ plane crash ­ means of 2 + SYLLABLES dangerous – serious – influential – recent transport ­ food ­ threat ­ metal ­ – common – important – widespread molecule ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ c) Ask, and then answer questions from the box below using the form: (COMP + S + V) + (COMP + S + V). Pay special attention to the word order. Example: What will happen if the population increases? ➔ The more it increases, the less there will be to eat. standard of living ­ number of cars temperature wind strength road accidents the price of petrol 2024/2025 2024/2025 electronic fraud 2024/2025 2. MNEMOTECHNOLOGY ­ SMPs versus SMAs Synthetic polymers are macromolecules, manufactured from low molecular­ weight compounds called monomers and consist of long chains of molecules. Modern chemistry allows the structure of these chains to be designed to fit specific industrial needs. █ Fill in the gaps with appropriate comparative and superlative forms or with synonyms. MNEMOSCIENCE, a German company specializing in polymer technology, has announced its intention to market "shape­memory polymers" (SMPs) in the near future. Dr Andreas Lendlein, of the "German Wool Research Institute" at Aachen, 7  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] in collaboration with Prof. R. Langer of MIT, are currently developing a new family of en (improved) SMPs providing be……… (+ good) performance and gr………..………. (+ versatility). The new process is based on polymers containing oligo (e­caprolactone) dimethacrylate which provides a "switching" segment, determining the tempo­ rary and the permanent shape of the polymer. The material is programmed by forming it into the required parent shape and then ra………. (increasing) the temperature so that crystallisation of the "switching" segment occurs and cross links are formed. The material can then be bent into any ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ other configuration and will switch back to the former parent form at the transient temperature. Shape­memory substances are, in fact, not new. The be…... (≠ worst) known is "Nitinol", a nickel­titanium alloy that has been widely used for actuators in robotic applications and medical devices for a considerable time. However, SMPs have a considerable number of advantages over shape­memory alloys (SMAs) and offer a far wider range of applications. Their fo……. (main) advantage is that they are much ea………. (+ easy) to make and consequently le……………… 2024/2025 (– expensive). This is2024/2025 because, un……………..2024/2025 (in contrast to) alloys, the programming of polymers can be carried out rapidly and at lo……… (+ low) temperatures, about 70°C instead of several hundred degrees. Other advantages include: The reaction time after the transient temperature has been reached is much faster. By varying the proportions of the two monomers, the specification of deforma­ tions can be adjusted with mo……………… (+ accuracy). This means that SMPs with predetermined mechanical strength and transient temperatures can be designed to su…………. (match, correspond to) specific functions. The deformation capability is ……………………… (20 × > great) SMA. Finally, there are considerably le……… (≠ more) problems in producing bio­ compatible and bio­degradable SMPs. This wi……….. (extends, enlarges) the potential range of uses and has considerable importance for medical 8  [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] applications. It will be possible, for example, to insert bio­degradable implants which do not require f………. (+ far) intervention in order to be removed and thus le……….. (reduce) the need for invasive follow­up surgery. Self­evaluation – exit test █ Supply the missing words. 1. As a result of the dust cloud raised by the impact of a large asteroid …….. heat …….. light would penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. (not one, not the other) ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2. Optical fibres will produce en……….. performances for computers. (better) 3. The government would like to bo………… imports. (help to improve) 4. The two colours do not ma……….. (go together) 5. The disease is sp……… rapidly, (advancing) 6. The constant stress and vibration we……… the metal, fc make stronger) 7. 2024/2025 Chameleons, un……… human beings, can survive a drop of 46% 2024/2025 of the body 2024/2025 fluid, (in contrast to) 9  CAUSE & CONSEQUENCE ______________________________________________________ This unit will cover the topics of Cause and Consequence. It will discuss the language and vocabulary associated with explaining causes and outcomes, such as using terms like "due to, "results in, "leads to, "and "therefore." The unit includes examples ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ and exercises to help learners understand and express causal relationships in scientific contexts. Key sections include exercises for identifying causes and effects, understanding how different terms are used interchangeably, and practicing the formation of sentences that describe cause-and-effect scenarios. Additionally, it offers a historical example of Benjamin Franklin's electricity experiment, using it as a context for exploring causal language. 2024/2025 Axiomatically, science is concerned with questions of "Why?", 2024/2025 "How?" and 2024/2025 "What?" - in other words, with causes and consequences, with reasons and results. These functions can be expressed in various ways, ranging from linking words to verbs and nouns. ► Functions & Grammar KEY POINTS - CAUSE & CONSEQUENCE 1- Adverbs and conjunctions - Cause: Because of - Owing to - Due to - On account of - Thanks to. Example: - Owing to his bad health, the minister was forced to resign. In case of using Because - As – Since, the sentence will be: - As he was ill, the minister was forced to resign.  - Consequence: Consequently - Therefore - Thus - Hence - As a result – Thereby. Examples: - The minister was in bad health; therefore, he was forced to resign. - The minister resigned, thereby putting the government in difficulty. 2- Verbs ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ - Cause: To cause - Result in - Lead to - Be responsible for - Bring about - Give rise to - Trigger (off) - Spark (off). Example: Illness led to the minister's resignation. - Consequence: To come from - Result from - Arise from - Stem from. Example: The minister's resignation stemmed from his bad health. 3- Nouns 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 - Cause: Cause - Reason - Origin – Source. Example: The real cause of his resignation was bad health. - Consequence: Consequence - Result - Outcome - Effect – (By-product) – (Spin-off). Example: The final outcome of the illness was the minister's resignation. ________________________________________________________________________ ► Examples in context THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) (Read the description and find synonyms for the words in bold) As the wavelength of visible light is approximately 4,00 0 angstrom, this means that there is a lower limit to the resolution of optical microscopes. To obtain higher resolution, shorter wavelengths are required. Electrons used in SEMs have wavelengths  of 0.5 angstroms; hence, it is possible to visualize molecules and even atoms. Samples cannot be scanned unless they are dry (to prevent vaporization) and electrically conductive. As a result, organic materials must be coated with a metallic layer, such as gold. Thanks to the scanning pattern, a 3-dimensional image of the surface structure can be obtained. The suggestion that electrons might be regarded as a form of wave motion and used for microscopy stems from the work of Louis de Broglie (1924), as an outcome ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ of his research into quantum mechanics. The first SEM was built in 1933. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Dust mite (Acari) Taken by SEM SEM configurations  ► Exercises A- Match the causes and consequences and insert the appropriate words: LEAD TO - HENCE - COMES FROM - OWING TO - ARISES - SINCE - WAS BROUGHT ABOUT - THANKS TO. 1- The word "alcohol "…………………... a. the discovery of penicillin. ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﺒﺤﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ 2- Genetic variation……………………… b. the Arabic "al-kuhl", a fine powder used as an 3- Extra galactic stars are moving away from the eye cosmetic. Earth……………………………. c. by the collision of the Earth's tectonic plates. 4- Their numbers will increase……… d. he now works for a petroleum company. 5- Millions of lives have been e. there is a red shift in the light, (the Dopp