Community Pharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) PDF

lOMoARcPSD|35081077 1 - 2 Community p Bachelor of pharmacy (Chandigarh University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|35081077 1 - 2 Community p Bachelor of pharmacy (Chandigarh University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 cOMMUNITY PHARMACY Definition- Community Phamacy means any place under the direct supervis ion of a pharmacist where the practice of pharmacy occurs or where prescription rders are compounded and dispensed other than a hospital pharmacy or a limited service pharmacy. Scope of Community Pharmacy Scope Explanation In Processing The phamacist verifies the legality, safety and Prescription appropriateness of the prescription order, checks the patient medication record betore dispensing the preseription (when such records are kept in the pharmacy)., ensures that the quantities of medication are dispensed accurately, and decides whether the medication should be handed to the patient, with appropriate counseling, by a pharmacist Clinical Pharmaccy OThe pharmacist seeks to collect and integrate information about the patient'sdrug history,dosageregimen PatientCare patient drug history, mode of administration, precautions, advices Drug Monitoring As practice research projects, and schemes to analyze prescriptions for the monitoring of adverse drug reactions | Extemporaneous Phamacists engage in the small- scale manufacture of Preparation medicines, which must accord with good manufacturing and distributionpracticeguidelines T Alternative medicines In some countries. pharmacists supply traditional medicines and dispensehomocopathicprescriptions Checking symptoms OPharmacist can supply a non-prescription medicine, with of minor aliments advice to consult a medical practitioner if the symptomss persist for more than a few days. Aternatively, the pharmacist maygive advicewithoutsupplyingmedicine. Health care Provde the intormation as necessary to other health care Professionals professionas and to patients, and use it in promoting the rational use of drugs, by providing advice and explanations to physiciansand to membersofthepublic. |Counselor The pharmacist provides an advisory as well as a supply service to residential homes for the ckderly, and other long- term patients. In some countries, policies are being developed under which phamacists will visit certain categories of house- bound patients to provide the counselling service that the patients would have received had they been able to visit the pharmacyY | In Prophylaxisand OThe pharmacist can take part in health promotion campaigns, health promotion locallyand nationally,on a widerange of health-related Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 topics, and particularly on drug-re lated topics (e.g.. rational use of drugs, akohol abuse, tobacco use, discouragement of drug use during pregnancy, organic solvent abuse, poison prevention) or topics concerned with other health problems (diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV- infection/AIDS)and familyplanning Roles and Responsibilities of Community Pharmacist Rolesand Explanation Responsibilities Central Pharmacist To ensure that established policies and procedures are followed Responsibilities Checks for the accuracy of doses prepared 1.Intravenous admixtures 2.Unit dose Provides for proper drug control Ensures that drugs are stored and dispensed properly Eg-Investigational drugs Ensures that all state and federal drug laws are followed Patient Care Area The pharmacist scek to collect and mtegrate information Responsibility about the patients drug history Should clarify patients understanding of the intended regimen and method of administration Should advise the patient of drug related precaution Evaluate the therapeutic response Direct Patient care Performs direct nursing tasks incuding taking their vital Resposibility Signs Assists in drug-product and entity selection Monitors patients total drug therapy Side effects Toxicities Alergic drug reactions Drug interaction Appropriate therapeutic out comes Counsels patients on discharge medications Participates in cardiopulmonaryemergencics General General responsibilities of community phamacy are Responsibilities Process ing of the prescription. Dispensing Health promotions Drug information services Patient counseling Process ing of The pharmacistverifiesthe legality_ Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 thePrescription and safety and appropriateness of the prescription order Checks the patient medication record before dispensing the prescription Counsel the patient to take proper medication It is a pharmacist responsibility to be fully aware of the patients past and current drug history Dispensing DIspensing means to prepare and Supply of medicine to an ndividual in accordance with the prescription of a practitioner. Check the doses of preparations which are meant for internal use Checks there is no incompatibility in the preparation Collect the correct container and closure Prepare the label as per requirement of the container Make the preparation, transfer it into a container and polish it Land Fix the label to the container Check the finished preparation Maintain the record of the preparation which is dispensed |Health The pharmacist can take part in |Promotions health promotion campaigns, locally and nationally On awiderangeof health-related topics and particularly drug-related topics like Rational use of drugs Alcohol abuse Tobacco use Poison prevent Topics concerned with other health problems like Diarrheal disease Tuberculosis Leprosy HIV Family planning Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 They may aso take part in the educational of local community groups in health promotions Drug General information is providedto Information paticnt for immediate information service needed. talso promotes adverse drug reaction (ADK awareness). The centre also participates in the ADR reposting program ot food and drug The product problem reporting system to ensure drug safety by guidance in the event of a defect in the quality of drugs. Egcolor change in tablet or participate matter in infusion fluids. Patient Dialogues between patient and Counselling physician regarding the indication. proper use and adverse effects of non prescription drugs (NPDs) should be different as compared. In the era, the cost considerations Land are greater then ever, NPDs should be considered and refered when appropriate, as alternatives to prescription drug. Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 COMMUNITY PHARMACY MANAGEMENT Selection of site, Space Layout, and Design During the selection of a site for new pharmacy following factors should be considered: a. A needy town or a city should be seected b. Site should be most suitable among those available phamacies. C. Site should be convenient and accessible to the majority of consumers (center to population severed) d. Pharmacy site should be cquipped with adequate free parking facility. e. If possible, site should be in neighborhood of a community shopping center for the convenience and accessibility of the consumers Plan of an ideal retail and whole sale drug store One of the main factors responsiblefor the success of a drug store is locationand proper lavoutdesign Objective of layout design: To attracta large numberof customers To increase the sale of store To reduce the selling expanses PN to the minimum To provide the customer satisfactionU To have space for reserve for stock, office, and resting place for employees lo have a proper entrance for coming goods To project a professionalimage and improve general appearance To minimize the movement of customers with in the premises of the drug store Community Pharmacies usually consist of: 1. A retail storefront with a dispensary area where medications are stored and dispensed. 2. A pharmacist on-duty at all times when opened 3. Pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time in communication with patients (Owner of pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist R.Ph) Personnel present Managing pharmacist.,phamacists, technicians/ identifying trainingneedsand providingappropriatetraining Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 Buildings Areas available for dispensing. storage of medicines,. patient counseling Equipment | Dispensing equipment, diagnostic cquipment for point-of-care testing (c.g. blood pressure measurement, blood testing, urinalysis) Documentation and Registers to be kept at the pharmacy, IT-supported systems tor information documentation of pharmacist actions and for maintaining pharmacy patient profiles, drug information sources (books and electronic access). Dispensary area Area shoukd be spacious and designed in such a way as to promote communication between pharmacist and patient. Space should be available for patient advice and counseling in privacy Consultation areas shoukd provide for space to cary out point-of-caretesting. Adequatefacilities for dispensingmust be provided - cleanable floor and surfaces, adequate fixtures and fittings, cean refrigerator with appropriate temperature monitoring and control, clean sink, logical layout of stock and a normal worktlow -10 Sq. feet -10 Sq. feet Hack |Froezor Storage Freezer and Rack = Rack Radk Table Waiting Area DisplayWindow Display Window Retail drug store design Whole sale drug store design Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 STAFF, MATERIALS-CODING, STOCKING STAFF MANAGEMENT- DEFINITION The process of hiring and developing the required personnel to fill in various positions in the organization. It involves the scientific and systemic procurement, allocation, utilization, conversation and developmentof human resource. of human The main objective of the staffing is to ensure the optimum utilization resources as well as provide personal and social satisfaction to the employees. The right type of organization is selected then it becomes necessary to fill in the various job positions with right kind of people, who can effectively perform their assigned activities. IMPORTANCE OF STAFFING: Staffing helps to healthy organization in which build up a the job performance and satisfaction of every employec can be high. Staffing injects life into the organization by providing right person for every job. The effectiveness of directing and control functions also depends upon staffing. Employees in the organization are the most valuable asset of an organ ization. The quality of human assets largely determines the success and growth of the organization. STAFF(PERSONNEL) e Lab0 0 Tharm of developing an Personnel or staff selection is one of the most important aspects efficient operating community pharmacy. Success of a community phamacy dpends upon proper sekction, training and maintenance of employees. SELECTIONOF STAFF Following criteria should be followed during the selection of the staff for community pharmacy. 1. Minimum standards for qualification of employees should not be allowed to fall below the minimum standards under here for a given position will result in fall in reputation of pharmacy. 2. Over Hyring means superior people should not be hired for intferior jobs, this type of selcction may result in an adverse effect on staff moral and efficiency. 3. For the proper selection of the staff for a specific job the manager should develop a job description and a job specification for cach position in pharmacy. This job description should contain such detail as scope of job, its relation to other jobs, working hours and Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 pay scale etc. It prevents misunderstanding about the nature of the duties of a particu lar job. 4. Promotion withn a pharmacy staft may be approprate. But in most of the cases external source must be used such as employment agencies, placement offices of schools and universitics or classificd newspaper advertising. 5. Cooperating work study program may prove as a big source of part time employces and availability file (a record of qualified peoples who applied for job) should be maintained in pharmacy which serves when no opening existed. 6. Owner or manager of pharmacy should design and application form to assist in the selection process. Although an application form serves basically to provide information about the applicant, it aso serve in followingway I. Helps in observing the applications ability to follow simple written instruction. Serves as a guide during interview. I Serve as a permanent record of employee and a source of information of social security and withholding tax reports. 7. All the employment policies and procedures must be consistent with applicable federal state laws. goveming equal employment opportunity. In general such laws prohibit discrimination in selection and hiring process. ORIENTATION AND TRAINING OF STAFF: After proper selection needs to be followed by adequate orientation and train ing of the employee which resuks in increased productivity and reduced employee turnover. During the orientation process, discussion should be on the basis of give and take basis on the following points: 1. Basic goal and philosophy of the pharmacy..of Pharm'D 2. Expected working hours from the employee (evenings, weckends and holiday s). 3. Duration of unch hours. 4. Overtime rules and compensation. 5. Policy of coffee break. 6. Rules about punctuality. 7. Uniform rules and pay ing schedule for uniform purchase and maintainance. 8. Safety and security regulations. 9. Telephone usage and answering authority of telephonic questions. 10. Personal telephone usage. 11. Vacation policy. 12. Policy regarding leave (sick or personal business). 13. Opportunities and procedures for advancement or promotions. 14. Policies on employees purchase and discount. These points concern to both the employer and the employee so a clear discussion about them prevents, reduces problems between employers and the employee. cOMPENSATION: Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 Relaining good employees is one of the most difficult problems faced by the community pharmacy manager. Many factors decides keeping of employees but most important factor is the compensation plan. Adcquate compensation is necessary, not only to retain employee but also to encourage them to work toward the overall goals and objectives of the pharmacy. MATERIAL CODING, STOCKING. When the medicines are received from the supplier,the stock should be properly arranged in the racks for casy location and removal of the drug from its carton box at the time of dispensing. Various methods are adopted by the pharmacists as per their choice and convenicnce. Such as, company wise, product wise or pharmacological category wise etc., the methods used for coding the stocks are cassified in to: Mnemonic method Scientifie method Random method Mnemonic Method Mnemonic means menoy. In order to remember easily the location of particular category of medicines, a suitable code may be used such as GI for all category of drugs that are used to treat gastro intestinal disorders. On the top of cabinet, a label can be fixed stating G. Scientific Method In this method, all medicines may be divided into various categories such as therapeutic classification. This method further subdivided into dosage forms. E.g."Cardiovascular drugs" The drugs under this class may be further sub divided in to HTN, which mean the drug used to treat hypertension Further all the drugs used to treat hypertensionsuch as diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin convertase enzyme inhibitors (ACE) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) may be further coded as DU, BB. CCB, ACEI and ARB. Based on the type of dosage form, the medicines may also be coded. Random method It is more like an arbitrary method. Medicines may be stored in alphabetical order or in numerical order or dosage form order. Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 Various health care items are sold in the pharmacy such as prescription medicines, O1C medicines and other health care and surgical items. tis very difficut remember the location of tems before they are sold. Thus in order to remember their location. ocation coding also may adopted keeping the type of tem, supplier wise or companywise. Importance of Coding- Coding is the process of assigning of code symbol or a number to a particu lar material for easy identification. It is important for a drug store because: 1. Coding of various itcms of materials is essential for good system of store keeping. 2. Ambiguity in description is avoided. 3. The length in description is minimized 4. The codes ensure of item lying in the store 5. Each stored item is easily identified. particularly, where the same item is known by more than one name. Importance of stoking for drug store 1. Drugs are stored in alphabetical order. 2. It provides a channel for distribution of drugs. 3. Tt provides space for storage of drugs or materials and supplies. 4. Drugs are readily available for administration. harm'D) 5. Vaccine and antibiotic drugs are stored in refrigerator LEGAL REQUIREMENTS General License Granted to person who have the premise for the businesss and who engage the services of a qualified person to supervise the sale of the drugs. The license for the retail sale of drugs other than the ones nentioned in the Schedule C,CI and X are issued in form D. For drugs specified in Schedule C and CI in form 21. Schedue X Conditions for general license drugs in form 20F. 1. Should be displayed in prominent place open to the public. 2. The license should comply with the Drug and Cosmetics rule there under in force. 3. Any change in the qualified staff should be reported to Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 the licensing authority within one month. 4. Precaution prescribed by the licensing authority r the storage of schedule C and CI drugs should be observed. 5. For the sale of additional categories of drug listed in Schedule C, CI excluding X the license must take prior permission of the license authority. The license for restricted sale of drugs other than those Restricted licenses specified in Schedule C,CI and X are issued in the form 20A Those specified in Schedule C and Cl but not in X are issued in the form 21A. Conditions for Restricted Licenses I. The licensee must have adequate premises equipped with adequate facility for the proper storage of drugs. To which the licenses applies provided that this condition apply to the vendors 2. The licensee should be complying with the drug and cosmetic act and the rules there under in force. 3. Drugs only purchase from a duly licensed dealer or manufacturer. 4. The licenses can only deal in such drugs can be sold without the supervision of a qualified person. 5. Drugs should be sold in their original container. MAINTENANCE OF REGISTER m'D For various reasons it is very important to maintain various legal, financial and professional records in a community pharmacy. Type of records required in a community phamacy may be classified as following: Legal Records (Registers) According to federal and state law, the pharmacy owner (manager) is responsible for maintenance of accurate up-to-date records of specific classes of drugs and poisons according to Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940. Rules 1945 and The Poison Act 1919, the pharmacist is responsible for maintaining accurate records related to acquisition and disposition of certain drugs that are supposed to be subject to poSs ible misuse or abuse. According to law it is required to maintain a record on the distribution of poison and hazardous substances. Improperly maintained or incompleterecordscan bringlegalactionand penalties. Patient records To include patients drug histories thOse type of records are maintained, although the format of records may vary according to basic ideas of establishing a record. Records may be based on familyunitbasisthatallowsthe pharmacistto monitorthe drug Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 usage of each member of family. It provides basic information about kinds and amounts of drugs being taken by average patients, which helps in reducing the problems associated with drug interactions and individuals idiosynerasies to drugs. These records aso serve in economic purposes, as source ot information Financal records forinsuranceclaimsandforincometaxdeductionofthepatients. Properly collect and organized accounting data serves various important uses as. 1. Serves as a basic tool for etficient management and neasuring its effect. 2. Formaking sound decisions regarding future money needs, inventory requirement, personnel matters and xpansion of facilit ies. 3. In evaluation of past operations, controlling curent operations and providing information for planning and forecasting Analyzing revenues and expenses and measuring return on investment. 5. Providingthe required information to potential granters redit and loans as well as to federal, state and local governmental agencies income and business taxes. 6. Hcping to ensure a profitableoperation The Land of Pharm'b USE OF COMPUTERS: BUSINESSAND HEALTH CARE SOFT WARES Computers are now days used in pharmaceutical in industries, hospitals and in various departments for drug information, education, evaluation, analysis, medication history and for maintenance of financial records. They have become indispensible in the development of clinical pharmacy and pharmaceuticalmanagement. Computers are also useful for patient profile monitoring, medication, data base management and materal management. pharmaceutical research. Applications As more hospital pharmacies move in the direction of computer access, the profession must identify more clinical applicationsfor computer Various hardware's and software's have developed to meet the needs of pharmaceuticalindustry and hospital pharmacy, community pharmacyprogramming. Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 Various hardware's and software's have developed to meet the needs of pharmaceutical industry and hospital pharmacy, community phamacy. Future development is still in progress which will make pharmacist job easier. These are the following appilications of the computesrs in community pharmacy communication. preseription processing checking pharmaceutical care. Inventory control. account. communication Communication Form the mail to otherinterned based system online allows the pharmacist and other pharmacy staft to keep in contact also with the professional commitee with their own organisation and if what Its gives the information you need to find out you're getting Prescription the doctor ordered. It is a project of alliance for patient access, a non processing protessional network of physicans who advocate the patient access clinical care. to approvecd therapies appropriate analyse the disease Patient related data entering in the computer and Checkng Pharmaceutical care conditions. to give the accurate position at Inventory contoi Pharmacy software' s is so designed of time and also give the reward levels. any point to record, classify all Finance nature. Because it is very essential Account and oss in then transactions in a record and reader to know the profit business. Use of Computers in Health Care we can find the use of computers for: In hospital settings Clinical presentation. Administration. *Researeh. Education. CLINICAL IMPLIMENTATION: We can use computers Tor: Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|35081077 *assessment. patient monitoring. documentation. telemedicine. clectronie medical records. ADMINISTRATION: Define the cost of nursing services. Evaluate quality assurance programme. Demonstrate the cost cffectiveness of hospitaling. Facilitate nursing programme. Justify the rolesof cach hospitalemployee. RESEARCH: Data gathering. Computer assisted interactive. Stimulation. Tutorials for learning. PN The Lanð of Pharm'D Downloaded by Fatima Sadiq ([email protected])