Cloud & Quantum Computing PDF

CLOUD & QUANTUM COMPUTING #09 CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud Computing  Today, we can easily notice how the nature of the Internet is changing from a place used to read web pages to an environment that allows the users to run software applications. Cloud Computing ...

CLOUD & QUANTUM COMPUTING #09 CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud Computing  Today, we can easily notice how the nature of the Internet is changing from a place used to read web pages to an environment that allows the users to run software applications. Cloud Computing  Simply speaking, the cloud means the Internet.  The term is derived from the way in which the Internet is often represented into the network diagrams.  Cloud computing represents a new paradigm of the Internet computing in which the software is seen as a service and the applications and data are stored on multiple servers that can be accessed from the Internet. Cloud Computing Cloud Computing  The quality of the service becomes a crucial factor of the cloud computing success. Downtime for 1 year Years Days Hours Minutes Up Time 1 365 8.760 525.600 99,0000% 0,010000 3,650000 87,60000 5.256,0000 99,9000% 0,001000 0,365000 8,76000 525,6000 99,9900% 0,000100 0,036500 0,87600 52,5600 99,9990% 0,000010 0,003650 0,08760 5,2560 99,9999% 0,000001 0,000365 0,00876 0,5256 Cloud Computing Cloud computing allows to move the processing effort from the local devices to the data center facilities. In such a way, any phone, for example, could be able to solve complex differential equation systems by simply passing the specific arguments to a data center service that will be capable to give back the results in a very short time. In these conditions, the security of data and applications becomes a very major issue. Cloud Computing Cloud computing consists of 3 layers:  infrastructure as a service (IaaS) - physical server box  platform as a service (PaaS) - hosted application/framework/tools that you can leverage to build something on  software as a service (SaaS) - business functionality, you don't have to manage any service yourself and its all done by the vendor Cloud Computing The main advantages of the cloud computing :  cloud computing can be used on clients having minimal hardware requirements, like mobile phones;  the problem of licensing different software packages is moved to the data center level;  no costs (or very small ones) for hardware upgrades;  the users are not dependent by their personal computer because they can use any other device having an Internet connection and meeting the minimum software requirements. Cloud Computing The main advantages of the cloud :  there is no need to download or install a specific software;  the cost is low or even free, in some cases;  if the client computer crashes, there is almost nothing lost because everything is stored into the cloud;  there is no need to update the local system when some new fix packs are released; Cloud Computing Of course there are some disadvantages as well, like:  an Internet connection is required in order to be able to access and use the cloud and this Internet dependence the offline mode impossible.  On the other hand, some applications require a high speed Internet connection so the traffic speed may affect the overall performances; Cloud Computing  on a long term basis, the subscription fee may be more expensive than buying the hardware, for example;  a very big concern is the data security because the data and the software are located on remote servers that can crash or disappear without any additional warnings.  In this context, the service quality becomes crucial and the need of the backups is vital. Applications of Cloud Computing  One of the biggest promoters of the cloud computing is Google - already having a massive computer infrastructure (the cloud) where millions of people are connecting to.  Google Data Centers  https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/gallery/ Security of Cloud Computing  A very big concern regarding the cloud computing is the data security because the data and the software are located on remote servers that can crash or disappear without any additional warnings. QUANTUM COMPUTING Quantum Computing  Quantum computers work on the principle of quantum mechanics.  Exponentially faster than any regular computer in some cases. Quantum Computing  Quantum computers work on the principle of quantum mechanics.  Quantum mechanics is the body of scientific laws that describe the motion and interaction of photons, electrons, and the other subatomic particles that make up the universe. Quantum Computing  bit – basic unit of information, can store one out of two possible outcomes – 0/1, T/F, H/T  qubit / quantum bit – the basic unit of quantum information.  qubits use superposition to exist in multiple states at the same time until measured and to hold up to two bits worth of data. Quantum Computing  1973 - n qubits can carry more than n classical bits of information, but at most n classical bits are accessible ("Holevo's theorem"). Quantum Computing  bit – 0 or 1  qubit – 0 or 1 or both 1 and 0 at the same time  Superposition - a mixed state - any proportion of both zero and one at the same time  Quantum Computing  Coin flip – it can land on either heads or tails – 1 bit  While still flipping midair, depending on the observation moment, the output could be not only heads or tails but also any combination between these two outcomes, like:  Heads and Tails in the same time  20% heads and 80% tails simultaneously Quantum Computing  1 bit – 2 states (0 or 1), 1 value  1 qubit – 2 states (0 and 1), 2 values at the same time  2 bits – one of the 4 possible states 00, 01, 10, 11  2 qubits – the same four states BUT at the same time – just like having 4 computers running in parallel  n bits – 2^n possible states, one at a time  n qubits – 2^n possible states, all at the same time Quantum Computing  64 bits can represent 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 states  Regular computers of today can easily represent this huge number of states BUT one at a time.  If we want them all, we at cycle through all these combinations.  At an average speed of 2 billion possibilities per seconds, a computer will need around 300 years to complete the job.  A quantum computer can manage all these possibilities at once, at the same time. Quantum Computing  Why quantum computing is so appealing?  Quantum computing can simply address problems considered to be “practically impossible” for classical computers.  Google, IBM, Microsoft and other companies are now designing and building starter versions and even putting them online, where almost anyone can learn to put the quantum realm to work.  Quantum Computing  To break a widely used RSA 2048-bit encryption, a classical computer with one trillion operations per second would need around 300 trillion years. This is such a long time that we all feel very safe.  A quantum computer could achieve the same in just 10 seconds, with a modest 1 million operations per second. That's the power of quantum computers: 300 trillion years versus 10 seconds. Quantum Computing  Quantum supremacy – October 2019  Google’s quantum computer called Sycamore solved an arithmetic problem in 200 seconds that would take the world’s fastest supercomputer (Summit) 10,000 years. Quantum Computing  Google Sycamore  a 53-qubit processor (one qubit out of the 54-qubits was not working), it produced a sequence of pseudo-random generated streams in 200s while it is estimated to take 10,000 years with the fastest classical supercomputer of that time to simulate the same result. Quantum Computing  The power of exponential growth  Sessa, an ancient Indian who invented the game of chess. The king was delighted with the game and asked Sessa to name his reward. Sessa humbly requested a single chessboard with one grain of wheat on the first square, two on the second, four on the third and so on.  The king agreed at once, not realizing he’d promised away more wheat than existed on Earth.  That’s the power of exponential growth.  Quantum Computing  The power of exponential growth  100 qubits - we would need to devote every atom of planet Earth to store bits to describe that state of that quantum computer.  280 qubits – we would need every atom in the universe to store all the zeros and ones. Conclusion  As a conclusion… the future of computers is unpredictable:  In 1943, Thomas Watson, the president of IBM said,  “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.”  Now we have five in every household.  “The history of the universe is, in effect, a huge and ongoing quantum computation. The universe is a quantum computer.” - Seth Lloyd, MIT Professor The End