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# Principles of Practice Design ## Page 230 The text describes principles for designing practice activities for learners of sports and other physical skills. Several strategies are highlighted to help learners master complex skills by breaking them down into simpler components and progressively i...

# Principles of Practice Design ## Page 230 The text describes principles for designing practice activities for learners of sports and other physical skills. Several strategies are highlighted to help learners master complex skills by breaking them down into simpler components and progressively increasing difficulty. **Key Points:** 1. **Maintaining Underlying Dynamics:** Training methods like using training wheels on a bicycle, or parallel bars in gait training, help maintain balanced movement. Exercises on Swiss balls can be progressively altered to increase lever arm lengths and range of motion. 2. **Simplifying Movement:** Changing the complexity of the environment can decrease attentional demands. This is done, for example, by using stationary balls instead of live ones, then progressing from pitching a machine delivered ball, to a human pitcher, changing from a closed skill initially to an open skill. 3. **Skill-Building Activities and Lead-Up Games:** Activities such as kickball, one-bounce volleyball, keep away and twenty-one serve to simplify skills and allow their practice in a controlled environment. This helps learners to build and apply new skills. 4. **Sequencing from Simple to Complex:** Providing exercises that progress from very simple to more challenging, helps develop skills incrementally. For example, rehab patients could start with reaching directly in front of them, progressively to selecting from a range of items. 5. **Progressive Complexity:** Exercises are broken down into smaller parts that combine to form the whole skill. Tactics for introducing complexity include changing the range of motion, base of support, lever length, movement speed, visual clues and resistance. **Specific Examples Emphasized**: * **Baseball/Softball hitting:** Start with a stationary ball. * **Aquatic exercise progression:** Examples available online. **Reference:** (The provided text references Gentile's taxonomy and work by Houglum and others, though these sources are not explicitly listed here) **Attention Cueing:** A practice method combining the advantages of part and whole practice; learners focus on a specific skill aspect.