The Respiratory System PDF

The Respiratory System ‹#› rhin/o ‹#›  STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The upper respiratory tract; the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea. The lower respiratory tract; the bronchial tree a...

The Respiratory System ‹#› rhin/o ‹#›  STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The upper respiratory tract; the nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea. The lower respiratory tract; the bronchial tree and lungs. The airway; The upper Loading… respiratory tract and the bronchial tree of the lower respiratory ‹#›  The Nose; ○ The nostrils (nares); the external openings of the nose. ○ The nasal septum; a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections. ○ Cilia (SIL-ee-ah); the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris. ○ Mucous membranes (MYOU-kus) line the nose. Also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system (Mucosa) ○ Mucus (MYOU-kus); a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes. Moisten, warm, and filter the air ○ The olfactory receptors (ol-FACK-toh- ree); nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. ‹#›  The Tonsils The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system ○ Protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth. ○ The palatine tonsils; located at the back of the mouth. ○ The adenoids, aka the nasopharyngeal tonsils; behind the nose and the roof of the mouth. The Paranasal Sinuses; air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane Loading… located in the bones of the skull A sinus can be a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue; most commonly refers to the paranasal sinuses. ‹#› The Pharynx (FAR-inks), the throat, receives the air after the nose or mouth, as well as food (shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems). Three divisions: The nasopharynx (nay-zoh-FAR-inks) The oropharynx (oh- roh-FAR-inks) The laryngopharynx (lah-ring-goh-FAR-ink) ‹#› Larynx The larynx (LAR-inks), aka the voice box Triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea Protected and supported by nine separate cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest (Adam’s apple). Contains the vocal cords. Protective Swallowing Mechanisms Act automatically during swallowing to ensure that only air goes into the lungs The soft palate, moves up and backward to prevent food or liquid from going up into the nose. The epiglottis (ep-ih-GLOT-is), a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx ‹#› The Trachea Transport air to and from the lungs. Located directly in front of the esophagus. Held open by a series of flexible C-shaped cartilage rings ‹#› The Bronchi Two large tubes, aka primary bronchi Branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs (singular, bronchus) Referred to as the bronchial tree Each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller bronchioles (BRONG-kee- ohlz) ‹#› The Alveoli aka, air sacs Very small grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole (singular, alveolus) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. A network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries surrounds the alveoli. Pulmonary (PULL-mah-nair-ee) means relating to or affecting the lungs. The alveoli produce a detergent-like substance, known as a surfactant, which makes the alveoli more stable and open Premature babies often lack adequate surfactant. ‹#› The Lungs The essential organs of respiration Divided into lobes A lobe is a subdivision or part of an organ. The right lung is larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (or Loading… superior, middle, and inferior). The left lung has only two lobes, the upper and lower ‹#› The Mediastinum The middle section of the chest cavity Located between the lungs. Contains connective tissue and organs the heart and its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland, and lymph nodes The Pleura A thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity The parietal pleura (pah-RYE-eh-tal); the outer layer, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm The visceral pleura (VIS-er-al); the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs. (Visceral; relating to the internal organs). The pleural cavity, aka the pleural space; the thin fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. ‹#› ‹#›  The diaphragm (DYE-ah-fram), a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible. The phrenic nerves (FREN-ick); stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract ‹#› RESPIRATION Respiration, or breathing; the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life. Consists of inhalation and exhalation. Ventilation is another word for moving air in and out of the lungs. Inhalation (in-hah-LAY-shun); the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward Exhalation (ecks-hah-LAY-shun); the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward. ‹#› External and internal respiration compared. (A) External respiration occurs in the lungs. (B) Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level within the blood and tissues. ‹#›  MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM An otolaryngologist (oh-toh-lar-in-GOL-oh-jist), aka an ENT (ear, nose, throat) ○ A physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck. A pulmonologist (pull-mah-NOL-oh-jist); a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system. (pulmon; lung) A thoracic surgeon performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus. ‹#› PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it hard to breathe. Chronic bronchitis (brong-KYE-tis); the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke Emphysema (em-fih-SEE-mah); the progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Characterized by the enlargement of the alveoli Asthma (AZ-mah); a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction. Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing (asthmatic attacks). Airway inflammation; the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus. A bronchospasm (brong-koh-spazm); a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut ‹#›  PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Upper respiratory infections (URI) and acute nasopharyngitis ○ Used to describe the common cold. Allergic rhinitis (rye-NIGH-tis); an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus Epistaxis (ep-ih-STACK-sis), aka, a nosebleed; bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure. Sinusitis (sigh-nuh-SIGH-tis) is an inflammation of the sinuses. Pharyngitis (fah-rin-JIGH-tis), a sore throat, An inflammation of the pharynx A laryngospasm (lah-RING-goh-spazm); the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx Laryngitis (lar-in-JIGH-tis); an inflammation of the larynx Bronchiectasis (brong-kee-ECK-tah-sis); the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation. Pleural effusion (eh-FEW-zhun); the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. (Effusion is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or into a body cavity) ‹#› Pleural effusion Pneumothorax ‹#› Pyothorax (pye-oh-THOH-racks), aka empyema; the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane. (Empyema refers to a collection of pus in a body cavity). Hemothorax (hee-moh-THOH-racks); a collection of blood in the pleural cavity Pneumothorax (new-moh-THOR-racks); the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse. Pneumonia (new-MOH-nee-ah); a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids. Eupnea (youp-NEE-ah); easy or normal breathing (eu-; good, -pnea;breathing). Eupnea is the opposite of apnea. Apnea (AP-nee-ah); the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration. Bradypnea (brad-ihp-NEE-ah); an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute. Tachypnea (tack-ihp-NEE-ah); an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute (tachy-; rapid) Dyspnea (DISP-nee-ah); aka, shortness of breath (SOB), is difficult or labored breathing. ‹#›  Expectoration (eck-SPEK-toh-rate); the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid (expector/o; to cough up, and -ation; state or action). Hemoptysis (hee-MOP-tih-sis); the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes Anoxia (ah-NOCK-see-ah); the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood. Hypoxia (high-POCK-see-ah); the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; Caused by a variety of factors, including head trauma, carbonmonoxide poisoning, suffocation, and high altitudes. Cyanosis (sigh-ah-NOH-sis); a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood Bronchoscopy (brong-KOS-koh-pee); the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope Laryngoscopy (lar-ing-GOS-koh-pee); the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth ‹#›