NGOs in Contemporary World PDF

e UN cannot enforce it (punish transgressors or force states to compensate a victim etc...) What do critics question about the universality of human rights? They claim the development of human rights has been guided by a small number of mostly Western nations to the detriment of inclusiveness, fav...

e UN cannot enforce it (punish transgressors or force states to compensate a victim etc...) What do critics question about the universality of human rights? They claim the development of human rights has been guided by a small number of mostly Western nations to the detriment of inclusiveness, favoring individual rights over collective rights. Human rights law is constantly evolving : name examples of possible future rights. The right to democracy or to development, the right to access the internet, the right to digital privacy. NGOs - generalities Non governmental Organizations (NGOs) are organizations that : are generally independent from governments  but may receive government funding are nonprofit are mostly active in humanitarianism can also be lobby groups for corporations (ex : World Economic Forum) INFLUENCE  Twentieth century, globalization increased the importance of NGOs. International NGOs were important to the anti-slavery and women's suffrage movements The world bank classifies NGO activity into 2 categories : OPERATIONAL NGOs design and implement ADVOCACY NGOs defend or promote a particular cause (human rights) and seek to influence International government organizations (IGOs) = attract large-scale media attention  LEVEL OF OPERATION (scale) : local, regional, national or international. CHARITY : top down effort (little participation or input from beneficiaries)  PARTICIPATORY : self help projects with local involvement (money, tools, lands, materials, labor...) EMPOWERMENT : help poor people to understand the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives, and increase awareness of their power to control their lives. -- Oxfam provides needy people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and drinking water. PROFESSIONAL : association of people with common interests including sports, culture... AIM  NGOs emphasize humanitarian issues, development aid and sustainable development. to counterbalance international treaties and organizations whih focus on capitalist interests NGOs - funding NGOs usually funded by donations (corporate, private) and grants from international institutions or national government Paradoxically, many NGOs depend on government funding Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace, refuse funding from governments or IGOs STAFF - EMPLOYEES Some NGOs rely on paid staff Others are based on unpaid volunteers On average, employees in NGOs earn 11-12% less compared to employees of for-profit organizations and government workers with the same number of qualifications. NGOs can rely on international staff or local employees in developing countries. \ FUNDS  The budget for the Office of Refugee resettlement has increased from 1.8 billion in 2018 to 6.3 billion in 2022 Criticism of the million dollar salaries of CEOs Fear that the money might not be appropriately used IDEOLOGY Accusation of being the foreign-policy instrument of sme Western countries Not motivated purely by altruism, want to change the world without understanding it Not representing the world Using misinformation What is Greenpeace? founded in 1971 mission to promote environmental sustainability and protect nature Impactful Campaigns and Wins Blocked illegal fishing activities in the Southern Ocean Helped on commercial whaling Reduce deforestation Successful anti-nuclear protests 1985 : The Rainbow Warrior Funding structure avoid corporate funding  Oxfam Founded in 1942 and fights against poverty and famine. Comes from Britain, short for Oxford and famine. Has played a Major role in climate act. Some Oxfam workers imposed sexual relations with people in need in 2018 and used their statut, Oxfam has been criticized for being innefficient and fr accepting fundings from corporattions. WWF Founded in 1961 to protect nature, preserve wildfires. They accept public funding. They focus on climate change, protection of the ocean. But they have been accused of human rights violations and greenwashing (standing for climate by interest), tensions over indigenous rights, illegal killing of wild animals. The money wasn't entirely used to protect nature. \