Bahrain Human Rights Issue PDF

Main Problem  Please use the following space to write out an in-depth and clearly defined topic background for your future reference and resolution. You must do the following: clearly define what the topic is, and answer the question in regards to your topic: “What causes this issue?”, “Who is...

Main Problem  Please use the following space to write out an in-depth and clearly defined topic background for your future reference and resolution. You must do the following: clearly define what the topic is, and answer the question in regards to your topic: “What causes this issue?”, “Who is impacted by this issue?”, and “Where is this issue most prevalent?”. Make sure you’re using credible sources of information to understand your topic. Do not use Wikipedia, the news, or blogs! Feel free to use space however you see fit: bullet-points, lists, paragraphs, colors, etc. As long as you meet the requirements and stay organized, anyway of writing is fine. Human Rights Clearly define what the problem is: HUMAN RIGHTS The rights of people deprived of their liberty were violated, although reports of torture and other ill-treatment declined compared to previous years. Authorities continued to harass and prosecute their critics, repressed some peaceful protests and twice blocked Shia Muslims from reaching the main Shia mosque in Bahrain. Answer the questions below in regard to your problem: 1. What key factors cause the problem? The human rights situation in Bahrain is shaped by several key factors: - Political Repression: The government has a history of suppressing dissent, including the arrest and imprisonment of opposition figures, activists, and journalists. - Freedom of Expression: There are strict laws regulating freedom of speech and press. Criticism of the government or the monarchy can lead to severe penalties. - Judicial Independence: Concerns about the independence of the judiciary exist, with allegations of unfair trials and lack of due process, particularly for political prisoners. - Torture and Ill-treatment: Reports of torture and ill-treatment of detainees, especially those held in connection with political activities, have been documented by various human rights organizations. - Discrimination: The Shia majority in Bahrain often faces discrimination in various sectors, including employment, government representation, and access to public services.  - Restrictions on Assembly: Laws limit the right to peaceful assembly, and protests are often met with heavy-handed responses from security forces. - Civil Society Limitations: NGOs and civil society organizations face significant restrictions, including difficulties in obtaining permits and government scrutiny. 2. Who is impacted/involved in the problem? Several groups and individuals are impacted or involved in the human rights issues in Bahrain: - Political Activists: Individuals who advocate for democratic reforms often face arrest, harassment, and imprisonment. - Opposition Parties: Political groups, especially those representing the Shia majority, have been significantly affected by repression and bans. - Journalists and Media Workers: Journalists who report on human rights abuses or criticize the government are frequently targeted for censorship, detention, or violence. - Civil Society Organizations: NGOs and human rights organizations face restrictions, making it difficult for them to operate or advocate for change. - General Population: The broader population, particularly the Shia community, experiences systemic discrimination and limitations on freedom of expression, assembly, and access to services. - International Community: Foreign governments and human rights organizations monitor the situation, often calling for reforms or sanctions in response to human rights violations. - Security Forces: Government security forces are involved in enforcing laws that suppress dissent, often using excessive force during protests and demonstrations. 3. What other countries have close relations with yours, that could have positive or negative impacts on the problem? Bahrain has close relations with several countries that can have both positive and negative impacts on its human rights situation: - Saudi Arabia: As a close ally, Saudi Arabia has significant influence over Bahrain. While it can provide support for the Bahraini government, particularly in suppressing dissent, it can also pressure Bahrain to address human rights concerns, especially given the regional dynamics and shared Shia-Sunni tensions.  - United States: The U.S. maintains a strategic partnership with Bahrain, particularly due to its military presence and interests in the Gulf. This relationship can lead to diplomatic pressure for reforms, but it can also result in the U.S. prioritizing security and stability over human rights concerns. - United Kingdom: The UK has historical ties with Bahrain and continues to engage in defense and trade relations. It has sometimes called for improved human rights practices, but the extent of this influence can vary. - Iran: Iran's relationship with Bahrain is contentious, with Bahrain often accusing Iran of meddling in its internal affairs. This dynamic can exacerbate sectarian tensions and impact Bahrain's domestic policies. - Qatar: Although relations have been strained in recent years, Qatar has historically been an important regional player. Its stance on political issues can influence Bahrain’s approach to dissent and reform. - United Nations and International NGOs: Various international organizations monitor human rights conditions and advocate for reform. Their reports and pressure can influence Bahrain's policies but may also lead to government backlash against civil society. 4. Brainstorm solutions for this problem (Look for if this has been attempted before, and see if it worked or didn’t) Addressing human rights issues in Bahrain requires a multifaceted approach. Here are some potential solutions: - Legal Protections: (has been attempted) Strengthen legal frameworks to protect freedom of speech, assembly, and association. Establish independent oversight bodies to monitor law enforcement practices and investigate abuses. - Human Rights Education:(has been attempted) Promote human rights education within the community, including schools and civil society organizations, to raise awareness and empower citizens. - International Advocacy:(has been attempted) Encourage international organizations and foreign governments to advocate for human rights in Bahrain, including leveraging diplomatic channels to pressure for reforms. Increase visibility of human rights issues through reports and campaigns by NGOs to mobilize global attention. - Support for Civil Society:(has been attempted)  Provide funding and resources for local human rights organizations to help them operate effectively and safely. Create safe spaces for civil society to engage in advocacy without fear of retaliation. - Comprehensive Truth and Reconciliation Commission: This has not been established in Bahrain. While calls for accountability and reconciliation have been made, there has been no formal process to address past abuses. - Public Forums for Dialogue: While there have been some attempts at dialogue, formal public forums that allow citizens to engage openly with government officials have not been a common practice. - Broad-Based Civic Education Programs: There are some educational initiatives, but a comprehensive, systematic program focused on civic rights and responsibilities has not been effectively implemented. 5. Who are the main stakeholders involved in your issue (ex. countries, parties, groups, organizations., etc.) ? What are their positions and interests? The main stakeholders involved in the human rights issues in Bahrain include: - Bahraini Government: The government, led by the ruling monarchy, generally prioritizes stability and control, often responding to dissent with repression. Interests: Maintaining power, ensuring national security, and preserving the current political system. The government is also interested in international legitimacy and economic stability. - Opposition Parties: Position: Various political groups, particularly those representing the Shia majority, advocate for democratic reforms and greater political freedoms. Interests: Seeking an end to political repression, achieving equitable representation in government, and addressing grievances related to discrimination and rights violations. - Civil Society Organizations: Local and international NGOs focus on promoting human rights and providing support for victims of abuses. Interests: Advocating for accountability, raising awareness about human rights issues, and supporting reforms. They often face government restrictions. - International Human Rights Organizations: Organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch monitor and report on human rights abuses in Bahrain. Interests: Promoting human rights globally, holding governments accountable, and mobilizing international pressure for reforms. - Foreign Governments: Countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and members of the European Union have strategic interests in Bahrain but vary in their  approach to human rights. Interests: Balancing security and military partnerships with human rights advocacy. Some governments advocate for reforms, while others prioritize stability and regional security. - Regional Powers: Countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have significant influence in Bahrain, often affecting its internal politics. Interests: Saudi Arabia seeks to maintain a Sunni-led order and counter Iranian influence, while Iran often positions itself as a supporter of Shia rights in the region. - The Bahraini Public: Citizens have varied perspectives but many express a desire for greater political participation and protection of their rights. Interests: Seeking social justice, political freedoms, economic opportunities, and better governance. - Media: Local and international media play a role in reporting on the situation in Bahrain. Interests: Providing accurate coverage of human rights issues and government actions, often facing challenges related to censorship and repression. 6. What recent developments or events have contributed to the issue? Recent developments in Bahrain have continued to impact the human rights situation in various ways: - Increased Repression: In recent years, the Bahraini government has intensified its crackdown on dissent, particularly targeting activists, journalists, and opposition figures. This includes arbitrary arrests and lengthy prison sentences for those advocating for political reforms. - Political Trials and Sentencing: High-profile trials of opposition leaders and activists have been ongoing. Sentences have often been severe, reflecting the government's commitment to silencing dissent. For example, some prominent figures associated with the 2011 protests have faced harsh penalties. - International Attention and Criticism: Human rights organizations have continued to raise awareness about the situation in Bahrain, leading to increased international scrutiny. Reports from organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch highlight ongoing abuses and call for reforms. - Normalization of Relations with Israel: The normalization of relations between Bahrain and Israel in 2020 has shifted some diplomatic dynamics. While this has led to increased economic and security cooperation, it has also drawn criticism regarding Bahrain's human rights practices, as activists argue that international support should be contingent upon improving rights conditions.  - Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic affected civil society dynamics, with authorities using health measures as a pretext to limit gatherings and suppress protests. Some activists reported increased monitoring and repression during this period. - Economic Challenges: Bahrain's economy has faced significant challenges due to falling oil prices and the pandemic, leading to austerity measures. Economic discontent can fuel social unrest, and the government's response to economic grievances often intersects with human rights issues. - Engagement with the International Community: Bahrain has attempted to improve its image through engagement with international forums and human rights organizations, but the effectiveness of these efforts is often questioned, especially when reports of abuses continue. - Emergence of Digital Activism: Despite government crackdowns, digital platforms have allowed activists to continue their work, though they face increased surveillance and potential consequences. The rise of online advocacy has become a critical tool for raising awareness. 7. What are major challenges or obstacles that need to be faced in order to address the issue? Saudi Arabia is shifting its stance towards conciliation in Bahrain, urging the government to forge a settlement with its opposition after two years of unrest. This move is in line with Saudi Arabia's push for a political settlement to prevent further radicalisation and protests among the Shia in the oil-rich Eastern Province. Crown Prince Salman of Bahrain has been appointed deputy Prime Minister, signaling a return to efforts to resolve the political dispute between the Sunni royal family and Shia Muslims. 8. What actions have already been taken? Especially by international organizations such as the UN, NATO, etc.? How effective have these measures been? What treaties, resolutions, or agreements are related to your issue? Recently the UN released a major forum to Bahrain. The goal of this forum is to maximize the empowerment of entrepreneurs to help grow the future of their country. Saudi Arabia and the US are pushing for a political settlement in Bahrain to stem further radicalization and prevent further protests among the majority Shia population. The Saudi royals have changed their position, favoring conciliation rather than confrontation. The Financial Times reported that Saudi Arabia is encouraging Bahrain's government to forge a settlement with its opposition after two years of unrest. A Saudi politician has for the first time established direct, informal contact with al-Wefaq, Bahrain's main opposition group. Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, widely viewed as a moderate, was appointed deputy Prime Minister by his father King Hamad. The Saudis are indicating that they are prepared to back a deal that boosts 'rights for all,' as long as Bahrain's monarchy remains in place. However, violence continues in Bahrain, and the selection of Salman as deputy Prime Minister remains to be seen. 9. What are potential future scenarios if the issue is not addressed? What technologies and trends affect this issue? If this issue is not addressed it could lead to a tear in political relations and alliances. There could also be devastation within the country with all these political unrest. 10. What are the ethical implications of the issue? The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, established in 2011, has been criticized for its inadequate reporting on human rights abuses during the 2011 Arab Spring. The commission, established by King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, has been accused of not disclosing individual perpetrators' names and limiting accountability to those who actively committed human rights violations. The commission's report confirmed incidents of physical and psychological abuse on detainees.  11. What are the moral responsibilities of the international community and of the UN related to your country's issue? Bahrain has been in political turmoil since February 2011, following the start of pro- democracy uprisings in other Arab countries. Middle East expert Ed Husain, a Middle East expert for CFR, believes that the situation in Bahrain is more complicated than just a straightforward demand for democracy. The monarchy of King Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa is willing to open a dialogue for changes sought by Shiites, who make up a majority of the population. However, protestors, led by Ayatollah Isa Qassem, a supporter of Iranian revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini, are refusing dialogue and using violence to try to unseat the government, which would only strengthen Iranian influence in the region and would be met with opposition from Saudi Arabia. The main opposition party, al-Wefaq, chose to walk away from dialogue with the government and with the strongest reforming voice in the royal family, Crown Prince Sheikh Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa. Since pulling out of parliament last year, the face of the opposition has been almost entirely restricted to the protesters, whose tactics have become increasingly violent. It is important for the international community, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, to realize that what's going on here is not just a straightforward demand for democracy. Saudi Arabia will not stand by and watch the government in Bahrain fall. The opposition movement in Bahrain is basically their version of Hezbollah, in that it has ideological links and patronage from Iran. If the al-Khalifa family in Bahrain falls, would the West, particularly the United States, be happy to see Iranian influence extend over yet another Arab nation, in addition to Hezbollah’s Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq? Do we really want to hand over Bahrain to the Iranian sphere of influence? The Saudis are overplaying the Iranian card in Bahrain protests, as the movement has not clearly differentiated itself from the Iranian system of government or thought. The debate should be framed not in terms of Iran and Shiite influences, but in terms of citizens' rights within the constitutional monarchy. The Saudis are concerned about the reluctance of al-Wefaq to distance itself from Iran, as it could weaken U.S. influence in the region, endanger the Fifth Fleet, and destabilize the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Bahrain feels like an Arab nation, with freedom for people of various backgrounds. However, there is anger among the Sunni population, who feel the monarchy is too liberal and too lenient for the opposition. To maintain stability, the opposition must become serious and the monarchy genuinely embrace reforms. The current rhetoric of Shiite sectarianism must go, and genuine democracy of citizenship and individual rights must come forth. In 2012, some in the opposition wished to frame the current conflict as ongoing hostilities between Sunnis and Shiites, but this type of thinking needs to end. If democracy is desired, it can only be achieved by returning to the negotiating table and seeking a political settlement. https://www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/bahrain?groupby=2&page=1&id=141 Once Finished Please send your document to the google form:https://forms.gle/NQDtmszTk1xEDGsf8 , so your officer can look over and give you feedback if needed and have your completion slip signed. If your officer doesn’t reach out in a couple of days please feel free to contact them, talk to your school president, or school advisor. Tab 2