Acute and Long-Term Cardio-respiratory Adaptations to Exercise (HS24) PDF

Department of Health Sciences and Technology Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport Cardio-respiratory adaptations to acute and chronic exercise Fernando Beltrami, PhD Learning Objectives Determine how the different aspects of cardiorepiratory...

Department of Health Sciences and Technology Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport Cardio-respiratory adaptations to acute and chronic exercise Fernando Beltrami, PhD Learning Objectives Determine how the different aspects of cardiorepiratory system integrate to provide O2 during physical activity Evaluate the meaning and value behind proposed tests and metrics of cardiorespiratory function and capacity Design relevant testing programs to evaluate the effects of different training goals Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 2 Respiratory Responses to Exercise Respiratory responses to acute exercise ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology; Eds Farrell, Joyner, Caiozzo; Wolters Kluwer; 2nd Edition C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab 54 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 3 Respiratory Responses to Exercise Respiratory responses to acute exercise – gas exchange VD: volume of dead space VT: tidal volume VE: pulmonary ventilation VA: alveolar ventilation fR: breathing frequency ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology; Eds Farrell, Joyner, Caiozzo; Wolters Kluwer; 2nd Edition C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab 55 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 4 Control of Ventilation during Exercise Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 5 Regulation of Blood Gases PaCO2, PaO2, pH, temperature Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 6 Word of caution I: Arterial Desaturation Pathological complication (ventilation-perfusion mismatch) “Normal” response in well-trained individuals Maximal CO too high Insufficient transit time for diffusion Shunts? Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 7 Ventilation Pattern during Incremental Exercise Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 8 The Ventilatory Threshold Point where pulmonary VE increases disproportionately to VO2 during graded exercise (i.e., disproportionate increase in VE/VO2) Excess ventilation results from stimulating effects of CO2 release from buffering of the accumulating lactic acid (theory!) Lactic Acid + NaHCO3 Na Lactate + HCO3 + H+ H2O + CO2 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 9 Detecting the Ventilatory Threshold (Scharhag-Rosenberger et al., Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2013) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 10 Is the ventilatory threshold equal to the lactate/anaerobic threshold? Ventilatory and Lactate thresholds can change independently (glycogen stores) Lactate concentration is the reflex of production and removal Patients incapable of producing lactate have detectable Ventilatory Threshold Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 11 Ventilatory responses to constant load exercise Up to Ventilatory Threshold (moderate domain): Gradual increase, then steady state Between Ventilatory Threshold and Resp. Comp. Point (heavy domain) Increase, steady state, drift to maximal levels Above Critical Power Increase up to maximal levels Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 12 The energetic cost of increasing VE Up to 15% of VO2 goes to respiratory muscles Respiratory muscle metaboreflex Competition for available blood flow with exercising limbs Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 13 Respiratory adaptations to training No changes in lung structure Improvement in lung function parameters (stronger, more resistant respiratory muscles) Decrease in VE for a given VO2 Right-shift of the ventilatory threshold, towards higher VO 2 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 14 Respiratory adaptation to training Reduces fatigue of respiratory muscle Direct reduction in O2 demand Cardiovascular response to acute exercise Decreased competition for blood flow - Blood flow competition. from J.A. Dempsey, Madison, WI C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab 64 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 15 Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise Increases blood flow to working muscle Involves altered heart function, peripheral circulatory adaptations Heart rate Stroke volume Cardiac output Blood pressure Blood flow Blood Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 16 Regulation of Heart Rate Intrinsic Sinoatrial node – self-depolarizing – ~100 beats.min-1 Extrinsic Central Nervous system (sympathetic / parasympathetic) Central command (Feed-forward) Baro-reflex (carotid) Cardiopulmonary receptors (ventricle strain) Muscle mechanoreflex (type III afferents) Muscle metaboreflex (type IV afferents) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 17 Regulation of Heart Rate Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 18 HR response during exercise Feed-forward outflow (central command) ↑ Sympathetic activity (epinephrine, norepinephrine) Increases heart rate, contractility of the myocardium ↓ Parasympathetic activity (acetylcholine) Slows down heart rate (inhibited) Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 19 Cardiovascular response to acute exercise - heart rate Normal ranges Untrained RHR: 60 to 80 beats/min Trained RHR: as low as 30 to 40 beats/min Affected by neural tone, temperature, altitude Maximal Heart Rate Old: HRmax, pred = 220 – Age (years) bpm New: HRmax, pred = 208 – (0.7 x Age in years) bpm Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 20 Heart Rate During Exercise Steady-state HR: point of plateau, optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity If intensity , so does steady-state HR Adjustment to new intensity takes 2 to 3 min Training status dependent manner Steady-state HR basis for simple exercise tests that estimate aerobic fitness Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 21 Humoral and other HR stressors Anxiety, stress, sleep deprivation Dehydration Thermic stress Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 22 Effect of heat stress on HR Wingo et al., 2020 Effect of heat stress on HR and performance Wingo et al., 2020 Also affecting exercise performance - temperature and humidity Ambient temperature (a) and relative humidity (b) affect exercise performance at otherwise constant conditions. 25 Exercis e P hys iology I - Bioenergetics and Metabolis m during Exercise Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics 25 Cardiovascular Responses: Stroke Volume (SV)  With  intensity up to 40 to 60% VO2max Beyond this, SV plateaus to exhaustion SV during maximal exercise ≈ double standing SV SV during maximal exercise only slightly higher than supine SV Supine SV much higher versus standing Supine EDV > standing EDV Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 26 Cardiovascular Responses: Stroke Volume (SV) Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 27 Cardiovascular Responses: Factors affecting Stroke Volume (SV)  Preload: end-diastolic ventricular stretch ( SV) –  EDV, venous return) →  contraction strength (Frank Starling mechanism) muscle and respiratory pumps, venous reserve Increase in HR →  filling time → slight  in EDV → ( SV)  Contractility: inherent ventricle property ( SV) –  Norepinephrine or epinephrine →  contractility Independent of EDV ( ejection fraction instead)  Afterload: aortic resistance ( via vasodilation) ( SV) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 28 Heart Rate and Cardiac Output CO = HR x SV (Munch et al., J Physiol. 2014 Jan 15;592) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 29 Blood Flow and exercise Increases in energy expenditure require adjustments in blood flow Oxygen supply, substrate supply, removal of metabolites Arterioles of active muscles dilate while vessels of non-fundamental tissues constrict Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 30 Poiseuille’s Law Flow = pressure gradient x vessel radius 4 vessel length x fluid viscosity Constriction and dilation are most powerful regulators of flow Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 31 Increase in blood supply, opening of capillaries Increase in blood flow with little change in blood speed Increased surface area for gas and nutrient exchange Effect of shear stress Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 32 Blood Flow redistribution during exercise Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 33 Blood Pressure response to incremental exercise SBP increase due to increased blood flow Blunted during steady-state exercise, as vasodilation increases DBP largely unchanged Re-setting of feedback mechanisms Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 34  VO2 = HF. SV. (caO2 – cvO2) Cardiovascular response to acute exercise HR, SV output - Cardiac and blood flow during upper body exercise At any similar relative intensity: Higher HR, VE, effort, BP Not SV or CO Elevated HR due to: Higher central command stimuli Increased feedback from muscle afferents Prescription based on whole body response does NOT apply to upper body exercise Zhou et al., MSSE, 2001 C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab 46 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 35 Heart Recovery following training >10 bpm reduction 1min following exercise cessation Otherwise indication of abnormal condition Speed of recovery increases with training Careful with constant loads! Tool to monitor: Progress Recovery and fine tuning of training loads Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 36 Word of caution II: Blood Pressure and Resistance Exercise Mechanical compression of arteries Increase in blood flow Further increase in BP Chronic effects? Watch-out for response of upper arms in cardiac patients Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 37 Rate-Pressure Product (RPP) SBP x HR Index of cardiac work coronary blood flow Coronary VO2 Healthy range 6000 – 40,000+ Simple way to quantify cardiac work between different modalities Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 38 Cardiovascular Responses: Plasma Volume Capillary fluid movement into and out of tissue Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic, osmotic pressures Upright exercise →  plasma volume Compromises exercise performance –  MAP →  capillary hydrostatic pressure Metabolite buildup →  tissue osmotic pressure Sweating further  plasma volume Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 39 Cardiovascular Responses: Hemoconcentration  Plasma volume → hemoconcentration Fluid percent of blood , cell percent of blood  Hematocrit increases up to 50% or beyond Net effects Red blood cell concentration  Hemoglobin concentration  O2-carrying capacity  Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 40 Cardiovascular adaptations to training Increased heart mass and volume Greater left-ventricular end-diastolic volume Increased contraction force Improved intrinsic contractility Frank-Starling Mechanism Increased hemoglobin content in the blood Improved O2 carrying capacity Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 41 Adaptations of the blood to training Higher Blood Volume ++ Plasma Volume + Hemoglobin Mass - [Hb] Oncotic pressure Acute + chronic increase in proteins Antidiuretic hormones Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 42  Adaptations of the Heart to training Bigger left ventricular chamber Greater wall thickness Greater left ventricular mass Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 43 HR adaptations to training Intrinsic pacemaker slowed (lower basal HR) Lower submaximal HR for a given workload CO is NOT reduced! Maximal HR may decrease Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 44 BP and vascular adaptations to training Changes in vasoactive properties of large vessels Enlargement of cross-sectional area of arteries and veins Increase in muscle capillarization Reduction in resting and sub-maximal exercise BP Mostly Systolic BP Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 45 SV adaptations to training Increased for a given workload Increased ventricular volume and mass Reduced arterial stiffness Increased filling time Increased contractile capacity of fibers Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 46 CO adaptations to training Similar CO for a given absolute workload Increased maximal CO Most significant cardiovascular adaptation Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 47 Cardiovascular adaptations to training Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 48 Integrating Ventilation and Circulation O2 transport and oxygen uptake (VO2) VO2 = VIFIO2 – VEFEO2 VO2 = CO x (a-v)O2 diff (Fick Equation) 110 c o mpu t e r me t h o d s a n d pr o g r a ms i n bi o me d i c i n e 1 0 1 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 109–114 w it h closed form solut ion s t h at give a clear o prin ciples of syst em fun ct ion at t h e cost of st accuracy. Th e lat t er provides accurat e sim u t ran sport , but t h e com plex n at ur e of t h e diss precludes an al yt ical solut ion s. Th us, num erical be applied, an d t h is m ean s t h at each such com p a part icular solut ion correct an d applicable on ly of t h e ch osen variables. Th ese t w o appr oach com plem en t ar y an d bot h w ill be addr essed in 1. O2 tran sport m odeled u si n g li n e approx i m ati on to th e O2 Hb di ssoci ati o Fig. 2 presen t s at t h e t op t h e m ass balan ce equ of t h e four processes [4,5]. Th ose describin g dif t h e lun gs an d m uscles) h ave already been in t e Fi g. 1 – Di agram of th e O2 tran sport sy stem , con si sti n g of vide t h e overall solut ion. Th ese equat ion s are fou r m aj or organ s/ti ssu es (lu n gs, cardi ovascu lar sy stem , n ovel as m en t ion ed above. W h at sh ould be r blood an d m u scle) su pporti n g th e fou r pr i n ci pal tran sport t h ese 8t hfour equat ion s con t ain precisely four un fu n cti on s Exercise (ven ti latiPhysiology; Eds McArdle, on , alveolar-capi Katch, llary di Katch, ffu si on , Wolters Kluwer, Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab out in Fig. 2. Th er efore, t h is49 equat ion set can b ci rcu latory perfu si on an d m u scle di ffu si on ). braicall y, an d t h e solut ion s for t h e four un kn ow Maximal Oxygen Uptake Gold Standard measurement for Aerobic Fitness Prognostic value Mortality / cardiac event risk Longevity Pre-requisite for athletic capacity (Myers et al., N Engl J Med, Vol. 346, No. 11, 2002) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 50 High CO is the main adaptation of well-trained individuals Changes in VO2max are mostly related to increased CO Increased O2 carrying capacity (flow + hemoglobin) 110 c o mpu t e r me t h o d s a n d pr o g r a ms i n bi o me d i c i n e 1 0 1 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 109 w it h closed form solut ion s t h prin ciples of syst em fun ct ion accuracy. Th e lat t er provides t ran sport , but t h e com plex n a precludes an al yt ical solut ion s. be applied, an d t h is m ean s t h a a part icular solut ion correct an of t h e ch osen variables. Th e com plem en t ar y an d bot h w ill 1. O2 tran sport m ode approx i m ati on to th e O2 H Fig. 2 presen t s at t h e t op t h e m of t h e four processes [4,5]. Th o t h e lun gs an d m uscles) h ave a Fi g. 1 – Di agram of th e O2 tran sport sy stem , con si sti n g of Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8 vide t h e overall solut ion. Th es t h Edition fou r m aj or organ s/ti ssu es (lu n gs, cardi ovascu lar sy stem , Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab n ovel as m en t51ion ed above. W blood an d m u scle) su pporti n g th e fou r pr i n ci pal tran sport t h ese four equat ion s con t ain p What influences (a-v)O2 difference? Resting values ~5 mL O2/dL (25% extraction) Maximal exercise values ~18 mL O2/dL (90% extraction) (a-v)O2 difference does not change much with training Venous O2 content is never 0 Perfusion inequality Shunts Insufficient transit time Insufficient pressure gradient Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 52 (a-v)O2 difference Similar (a-v)O2 difference, but in face of much higher flow 110 c o mpu t e r me t h o d s a n d pr o g r a ms i n bi o me d i c i n e 1 0 1 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 109–114 w it h closed form solut ion s t h at give a clear o prin ciples of syst em fun ct ion at t h e cost of s accuracy. Th e lat t er provides accurat e sim t ran sport , but t h e com plex n at ur e of t h e dis precludes an al yt ical solut ion s. Th us, num erica be applied, an d t h is m ean s t h at each such com a part icular solut ion correct an d applicable on l of t h e ch osen variables. Th ese t w o appr oac com plem en t ar y an d bot h w ill be addr essed in 1. O2 tran sport m odeled u si n g li n approx i m ati on to th e O2 Hb di ssoci ati o Fig. 2 presen t s at t h e t op t h e m ass balan ce equ of t h e four processes [4,5]. Th ose describin g di t h e lun gs an d m uscles) h ave already been in t Fi g. 1 – Di agram of th e O2 tran sport sy stem , con si sti n g of vide t h e overall solut ion. Th ese equat ion s are fou r m aj or organ s/ti ssu es (lu n gs, cardi ovascu lar sy stem , n ovel as m en t ion ed above. W h at sh ould be blood an d m u scle) su pporti n g th e fou r pr i n ci pal tran sport t h ese four equat ion s con t ain precisely four un fu n cti on s (ven ti lati on , alveolar-capi llary di ffu si on , out in Fig. 2. Th er efore, t h is equat ion set can ci rcu latory perfu si on an d m u scle di ffu si on ). braicall y, an d t h e solut ion s for t h e four un kn ow out t hin Fig. 2. Here, n on -m uscle con t ribut ion s Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8 Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab are ign or ed for sim plicit y. 53 Th us, PVO2 is at on ven ous PO2 an d m ixed ven ous PO2. Bohr Effect and O2 extraction Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 54 Change in VO2 kinetics with training Metabolism during exercise – change in oxygen deficit with training Exercise Physiology, Eds Scott & Howley, McGraw Hill, 7th edition C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab Fig. C 13-6 – Dt. Ärzteverlag 11 Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 55 Change in VO2max with training Oxygen consumption during exercise - the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics cycle ergometer, steady-state exercise Fig. 5.3 C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab 18 Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 56 Changes in VO2max with training Maximal oxygen consumption VO2max vs. VO2peak treadmill, incremental exercise Fig. 5.4 C. M. Spengler, Exercise Physiology Lab Fig. C 13-6 – Dt. Ärzteverlag 20 Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 57 The max vs. peak issue How to judge a maximal effort? Appearance of a plateau Secondary criteria HR, RER, lactate concentration, perceived exertion Supra-maximal testing (Midgley and Carroll, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009: 19: 313–322) Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 58 Summary of changes with training Increased in ventilation-aeration Increased cardiac output Increased active muscle metabolism More and bigger mitochondria Higher enzymatic activity Increased peripheral blood flow Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 59 Mitochondrial Adaptations to training More (~15%), bigger mitochondria (~35%) How does more mitochondria relate to Faster turnover of mitochondria lower blood lactate values with training? Master switch for mitochondrial biogenesis: PGC1α Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 60 Limits to VO2max improvement ~20% following short-term programs 40-50% in extreme longitudinal cases with athletes Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 61 Performance Gains after VO2max stagnates Most performance improvements come from improvements in sustainable VO2 and efficiency Exercise Physiology; Eds McArdle, Katch, Katch, Wolters Kluwer, 8t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 62 Changes in oxidative Enzymes Increase beyond that of VO2max Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 63 Responders and non-responders – VO2max Are there individuals that do not respond to physical training? Physiology of Sport and Exercise; Eds Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, Human KInetics, 6 t h Edition Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 64 Thank you! [email protected] Donnerstag, 24. Oktober 2024 Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Lab 65