Blood and Hematopoiesis, Lymphatic System PDF 2025

BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS Created by: Dr. Yisel Mi Guzmán Leguel [email protected] Block I Fundamentals of medicine I WE MAKE DOCTORS  Learning Objectives Identify all the cells fo...

BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS Created by: Dr. Yisel Mi Guzmán Leguel [email protected] Block I Fundamentals of medicine I WE MAKE DOCTORS  Learning Objectives Identify all the cells formed by hematopoiesis. Describe the process of hemopoiesis, mentioning the origin, myeloid lineage, lymphoid lineage, progenitor, precursor and mature cells. Identify all the components of blood. List the components of plasma. Identify the intracellular characteristics and functions of white blood cells, red blood cells and thrombocytes.  Blood pH 7.4 Is a specialized connective tissue Accounts for approximately composed of formed 7% of the total body weight. elements suspended in a liquid The total volume of blood of component known as plasma an average adult is about 5 L Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  Primary functions of blood Assist in the maintenance of the acid–base balance of the body Coagulation Process Migration of blood cells, to assist in defense against invading pathogens or foreign macromolecules by the process of inflammation or immune response. Delivery of nutrients and oxygen Transport of wastes and carbon dioxide Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  PLASMA Plasma is a yellowish fluid in which cells, organic compounds, and electrolytes are suspended and/or dissolved. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10 Gartner, Leslie P. PhD. Textbook of histology. Blood and hemopoiesis chapter 10. 2017. 4 TH Edition. Elsevier.  BLOOD SMEAR Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Wright and Giemsa Stain HEMOPOIESIS STEM CELLS, GROWTH FACTORS AND DIFFERENTIATION  Hemopoiesis Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  Bone Marrow Is found in the medullary canals of long bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bones. 2 types: Red bone marrow: blood forming. Yellow bone marrow: adipocytes. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) Development of different blood cells in the red bone marrow (decalcified). Stain: hematoxylin and eosin. Sections of red bone marrow include trabeculae (T) of cancellous bone, adipocytes (A), and blood-filled sinusoids (S) between hemopoietic cords (C) or islands of developing blood cells. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Knee joint, 4.5mo. fetus, trichrome Image: histology.medicine.umich.edu. University of California, San Francisco  Hemopoiesis CHARACTERISTICS Stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of asymmetric division and self-renewal. The hemopoiteic stem cells proliferate slowly and give two major lineages: Myeloid cells (myelos – marrow): granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes. Lymphoid cells: Lymphocytes. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) Regulation Hemopoiesis is regulated by numerous growth factors produced by various cell types. Each factor acts on specific stem cells, progenitor cells, and precursor cells, generally inducing rapid mitosis, Clinical differentiation, or both. relevance: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  Erythropoiesis Micrographs showing a very large and scarce proerythroblast (P), a slightly smaller basophilic erythroblast (B). Late polychromatophilic erythroblasts (Pe and LPe). Orthochromatophilic erythroblast (Oe) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Before its complete maturation the neutrophilic granulocyte passes through an intermediate stage, the band cell in which the nucleus is elongated but not yet polymorphic. Granulopoiesis  Megakaryopoiesis Originate by fragmentation from mature megakaryocytes (megas – big + karyon – nucleus + kytos) Process driven by thrombopoietin To form platelets, megakaryocytes extend several long branching processes called proplatelets. These cellular extensions penetrate the sinusoidal endothelium and are exposed in the circulating blood of the sinusoids. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) Formed elements  Erythrocytes The smallest and most numerous cells of blood. Carry O2 to tissues and CO2 to lungs. Each erythrocyte (RBC) resembles a biconcave- shaped disc, is capable of gaseous exchange. Colorized SEM of erythrocytes The source of energy is glucose (90% used in glycolysis) Life span: Life span of ~120 days in healthy adults; 60–90 days in neonates. When they reach that age, they display on their surface a group of oligosaccharides. RBCs bearing these sugar groups are fragile and are destroyed by macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and liver. The normal concentration: ▪3.9-5.5 million per microliter in women 4.1-6.0 million/μL in men. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  Cell membrane and cytoskeleton The RBC plasma membrane, a typical lipid bilayer, is composed of about 50% protein, 40% lipids, and 10% carbohydrates. The anion transporter band 3 protein , transports Cl − and HCO − 3 Clinical relevance: Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10 Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a large protein composed of four polypeptide chains, each of which is covalently bound to a heme group. Clinical Depending on the particular polypeptides the following relevance: types can be distinguished: Hemoglobin HbA: Is the most prevalent. 96% of total Hb. A1c: Glycosylated subtype is measured routinely to monitor the overall degree of hyperglycemia that occurred during the preceding 6-8 weeks. Hemoglobin HbA2 ( α 2 δ 2 ): 1.5%.3% of total hb. Hemoglobin HbF: less than 1% in adults, principal hb in the fetus. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10  White Blood cells There are two major categories of WBCs: Those without specific granules, known as agranulocytes ( lymphocytes and monocytes ) Those that house specific granules, known as granulocytes, (neutrophils , eosinophils,and ba sophils) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  White blood cells Leukocyte count (WBC) “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas” Neutrophils: 2.5–7.5 x 109/L Lymphocytes: 1.5–3.5 x 109/L Monocytes: 0.2–0.8 x 10 /L9 Eosinophils: 0.04-0.4 x 109/L Basophils: 0.01-0.1 x 109/L Total leukocytes: 4.00-11.0 x 109/L Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13  3. Name: 1. Name: Characteristics: Characteristics: Function: Function: 4. Name: 2. Name: Characteristics: Characteristics: Function: Function: 5. Name: Characteristics: Function: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12 and 13 Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10 Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10  Platelets Platelets are small, disk-shaped, non-nucleated cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. When activated by endothelial injury, aggregate with other platelets and interact with fibrinogen to form a platelet plug. Approximately 1/3 of the platelet pool is stored in the spleen. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10 Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  Normal platelet counts range from 150,000 and 350,000 platelets per mm 3 of blood, each with a life span of 8–10 days. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10 Contain dense granules (Ca2+, ADP, Serotonin, Histamine; CASH) and α granules (vWF, fibrinogen, fibronectin, platelet factor 4). Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  Alpha granules correspond to azurophilic granules and contain clotting substances. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet factor 4, and several other platelet-specific proteins. Functions: platelet adhesion. platelet aggregation. clot retraction and clot removal. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  HISTOLOGY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Created by: Dr. Yisel Mi Guzmán Leguel [email protected] Block I Fundamentals of medicine I WE MAKE DOCTORS  Learning Objectives Understand the organization and functions of the immune system, lymphoid organs and lymphatic vessels. Identify the organs that form part of the lymphatic system as well as their function, organization, and cellular components. Describe the histologic components of: Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Etymology: From Latin lympha "water, clear water, a goddess of water," Primary and secondary organs Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14  Primary lymphoid organs Secondary lymphoid organs Development of Sites of antigen T and B entrapment lymphocytes Clonal expansion Filtration of lymph Lymphocytes in the marrow and Activation of thymus of a Lymphocytes newborn infant not yet exposed to antigens are immunocompete nt but naïve Harvard School of Medicine. HMX Fundamentals-Immunology. Office of Online learning, external education (2024)  The lymphatic capillary network Consist of a network of lymph nodes connected by lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic capillary network acts as a drainage system, removing surplus fluid (lymph) from tissue spaces. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) The walls of the lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than the walls of blood capillaries Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  The lymph This fluid contains oxygen, proteins, ions; some of this fluid reenters the capillaries and some of it enters the lymphatic vessels.  They are concentrated in certain regions as the axilla, groin, and mesenteries Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes are small, encapsulated structures positioned along lymphatic vessels to filter lymph and facilitate antibody production. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14 Lymph Nodes Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022) Lymph node: capsule, cortex, and medulla (sectional view). Stain: hematoxylin and eosin. Medium magnification.  Lymphatic nodules Localization: In the alimentary canal: Tonsils form a ring of lymphatic tissue at the entrance of the oropharynx. Pharyngeal tonsils, palatine Tonsils and lingual tonsils. All contain aggregates of lymphatic nodules Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14 Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue and Lymphatic Nodules The alimentary canal, respiratory passages, and genitourinary tract are guarded by accumulations of lymphatic tissue because their lumens open to the external environment. They are not enclosed by a capsule, but instead, they possess a lamina propria. This form of lymphatic tissue is called diffuse lymphatic tissue or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Collectively the MALT is one of the largest lymphoid organs, containing up to 70% of all the body’s immune cells. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14  MALT includes BALT and GALT BALT bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue ( in the bronchial tree) GALT: gut associate lymphatic tissue (in the alimentary canal) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 15 Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 14  This photomicrograph shows a section of the wall of the small intestine (duodenum). Short villi and intestinal glands are present in the upper part of the micrograph. A lymphatic nodule (LN) occupies most of the remainder of the micrograph. Photomicrograph of diffuse lymphatic tissue.320x This photomicrograph shows the diffuse Photomicrograph of lymphatic tissue in the lamina propria (LP) of lymphatic nodule.120x H&E the large intestine. The lower portion of two intestinal glands (Gl) is also evident. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 14 How to Ask Productive Questions Online Class | LinkedIn Learning, formerly Lynda.com Thymus Is a bilobed organ located in the superior mediastinum, anterior to the heart and great vessels. The primary or central lymphoid organ in which T cells are produced. A major function of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance, which along with regulatory T cells prevents autoimmunity. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14  Each lobule consists of a dark- staining outer cortex and a light- staining inner medulla. Blood vessels pass into the thymus gland via the connective tissue capsule and the trabeculae The cortex of each lobule contains densely packed lymphocytes that.do not form lymphatic noduels The medulla also contains numerous thymic (Hassall) Corpuscles that characterized the Thymus gland. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 14 Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  Blood- Thymus Barrier Protects developing lymphocytes in the thymus from exposure to antigens. These layers provide the necessary protection to the developing immature T cells and separate them from mature immunocompetent lymphocytes circulating in the bloodstream The blood–thymus barrier consists of three major elements: (1) capillary endothelium and its basal lamina (2) perivascular connective tissue space occupied by macrophages (3) type I epithelioreticular cells with their basal lamina. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology.6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 14 SPLEEN The spleen is about the size of a clenched fist and is the largest lymphatic organ. It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity and has a rich blood supply. The spleen contains the largest single accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body and is the only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of blood. It is also the main site of old erythrocyte destruction. Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14 The spleen filters blood and reacts immunologically to blood-borne- antigens. Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS): Contains T cells. Located within white pulp. Follicle: Contains B cells. Located within white pulp. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan, Matthew Sochat, Caroline Coleman, Connie Qu - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022 - A Student-to-Student Guide-McGraw-Hill (2022)  The capsule (C) of the spleen connects to trabeculae (T) extending into the pulp-like interior of the organ. The red pulp (R) occupies most of the parenchyma, with white pulp (W) restricted to smaller areas, mainly around the central arterioles. Names of these splenic areas refer to their color in the fresh state: red pulp is filled with blood cells of all types, located both in cords and sinuses; white pulp is lymphoid tissue. (Stain:Picro-Sirius-hematoxylin x20) Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 14  Spleen (panoramic view) Stain: hematoxylin and eosin. Low magnification  Bibliography: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas 17th Edition 2023, McGraw Hill, New York By Anthony L. Chapter 12, Chapter 13, and Chapter 14. Michael H. Ross. Histology and text Atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology. Methods in histology. 6th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 10, and Chapter 14