04_pozz_fp_6e_tb_ch04.docx

Pozzulo/Bennell/Forth, Forensic Psychology, 6e — Test Bank Chapter 04: Deception Chapter 04 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Methods of detecting deception in Ancient China required suspects to do which of the following tasks? Putting their hand on a hot iron Walking across hot coals Putting their arm...

Pozzulo/Bennell/Forth, Forensic Psychology, 6e — Test Bank Chapter 04: Deception Chapter 04 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Methods of detecting deception in Ancient China required suspects to do which of the following tasks? Putting their hand on a hot iron Walking across hot coals Putting their arm in a cauldron of boiling water Chewing dry rice powder Chewing a piece of bread Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-01 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: D) Chewing dry rice powder 2. Who developed the first polygraph test? John Larson William Marston A group of FBI researchers James Frye Hugo Munsterberg Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-02 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: B) William Marston 3. Which of the following is not measured by the polygraph test? Heart rate Galvanic skin response Micro facial expressions Breathing The polygraph measures all of these things Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-03 Skill: Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: C) Micro facial expressions 4. What is the name of the device, used primarily by the police to detect deceit, that measures an individual’s autonomic nervous system responses? A monograph The Marston device A neuro-spectrometer A systolic blood pressure gauge A polygraph Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-04 Skill: Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: E) A polygraph 5. Who provides polygraph training in Canada? Canadian Security Intelligence Service Federal Bureau of Investigation Central Intelligence Agency Canadian Police Information Centre The Canadian Police College Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-05 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: E) The Canadian Police College 6. What is the purpose of a polygraph disclosure test? To help children disclose instances of neglect and abuse To uncover information about an offender’s past behaviour To be transparent about the quality of polygraph test to defence attorneys To ensure police officers are providing all information to supervisors about undercover operations To get informed consent from those taking the polygraph Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-06 Skill: Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: B) To uncover information about an offender’s past behaviour 7. Which of the following organizations are prohibited from using the polygraph to screen or test employees? Intelligence agencies Police services Federal government agencies Private management companies Provincial government agencies Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-07 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: D) private management companies 8. A __________________ is a type of polygraph test that includes neutral questions that are unrelated to the crime, relevant questions concerning the crime being investigated, and comparison questions concerning the person’s honesty and past history prior to the event being investigated. relevant question test concealed information test guilty knowledge test comparison question test N-R-C test Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-08 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: D) comparison question test 9. There are _______ steps involved in doing a polygraph exam with a suspect of a crime. three nine four six twelve Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-09 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: D) six 10. The question “Before the age of 45, did you ever take anything of value that did not belong to you?” is an example of what type of polygraph question? Irrelevant question Probable lie comparison question Neutral question Suppressed question Leading question Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-10 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: B) Probable lie comparison question 11. The question “On June 12, did you rob that bank in Winnipeg?” is an example of what type of polygraph question? Probable lie question Neutral question Relevant question Introductory question Compassion question Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-11 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: C) Relevant question 12. Guilty suspects are assumed to react more to ___________ questions than ___________questions. comparison, relevant relevant, irrelevant probable lie, neutral neutral, relevant relevant, comparison Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-12 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: E) relevant, comparison 13. What do most polygraph examiners measure when using the Comparison Question Test (CQT)? Suspect’s demeanour during the test Information from the case file Physiological responses Suspect’s past criminal record Gaze aversion Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-13 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: C) Physiological responses 14. A ____________ is a type of polygraph test designed to determine if the person knows details about a crime. Deceptive-direct question test Recall probe test Pure version test Concealed information test Reverse-order recall test Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-14 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: D) Concealed information test 15. Which of the following is a criticism of the Concealed Information Test? It requires full disclosure from the suspect. The test will only work if the suspect remembers the details of the crime. Reactions to relevant questions may be the same for an anxious but innocent person as a guilty party. Arousal to crime-related questions decreases over time the more a suspect is asked about them. It frequently returns inconsistent results relative to other questioning methods. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-15 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: B) The test will only work if the suspect remembers the details of the crime. 16. You have been falsely accused of stealing a laptop computer from a professor’s office. The police have requested that you take a polygraph test to prove your innocence. In light of your knowledge of the types of errors most likely to be made by different types of polygraph exams, you agree to do so only if the examiner uses which test? Comparison question test Relevant/irrelevant test Zone of comparison format of scoring Statement validity procedure Concealed information test Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-16 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: E) Concealed information test 17. Imagine you are invited to participate in a polygraph study in a forensic psychologist's laboratory. You are asked to either (a) commit a mock crime by stealing a purse from an empty room or (b) not commit the crime. You are later asked to take a polygraph examination to find out if you committed the mock crime. The researcher is using this approach to study the accuracy of polygraph tests because she is aware of the ___________________. ground truth the need to control for non-verbal behaviours details of the crime baseline behaviours impossibilities associated with doing this study with non-students Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-17 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: A) ground truth 18. Patrick and Iacono (1991) found in a study comparing the accuracy of “original” examiners to “blind” evaluators that the original examiners are often influenced by ________________. time of day type of polygraph measure the blind examiners assessment extra-polygraph cues the style of paper used to process the results Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-18 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: D) extra-polygraph cues 19. Most field studies of polygraph accuracy have used ______________ to establish who is truly guilty or innocent. eyewitness testimony DNA confessions judicial outcomes statement validity analysis Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-19 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: C) confessions 20. In laboratory studies of the accuracy of polygraph tests, it has been found that the Comparison Question Test is _______ effective at detecting ________ suspects, whereas the Concealed Information Test is ______ effective at detecting ________ suspects. more, guilty, more, innocent less, guilty, more, guilty more, innocent, less, guilty less, innocent, less, guilty more, guilty, less, innocent Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-20 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: A) more, guilty, more, innocent 21. The Concealed Information Test appears to be vulnerable to _________________ whereas the Comparison Question Test is vulnerable to ___________________. falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent, falsely classifying innocent suspects as guilty falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent, falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent falsely classifying innocent suspects as inconclusive, falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent falsely classifying innocent suspects as inconclusive, falsely classifying guilty suspects as inconclusive falsely classifying innocent suspects as guilty, falsely classifying innocent suspects as guilty Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-21 Skill: Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: A) falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent, falsely classifying innocent suspects as guilty 22. In an attempt beat the polygraph, Freya used a/an __________ countermeasure by biting her tongue but Mila used a/an ____________ countermeasure by counting backward by 7 from a number greater than 200. ancient, mathematical pain-induced, counterfactual easy, hard military, academic physical, mental Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-22 Skill: Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: E) physical, mental 23. Most knowledgeable scientists have _________ beliefs and the general public have ________ beliefs about the accuracy of the comparison question test. positive, positive negative, neutral negative, positive neutral, neutral negative, negative Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-23 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: C) negative, positive 24. Polygraph evidence is __________ admissible in Canadian criminal courts of law. always often sometimes rarely never Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-24 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: E) never 25. In what case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that polygraph evidence should not be admitted in court to help determine truthfulness? R. v. Hubbert R. v. Mohan R. v. Swain R. v. Beland R. v. Frye Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-25 Objective: 4.2 Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph. Answer: D) R. v. Beland 26. Which of the following techniques has not been used as a method of detecting deception? ERPs fMRI “Facial temperature” Polygraph TAT Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-26 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: E) TAT 27. Imagine you have been falsely accused of a crime. You are asked to have your ________ measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and by noting changes in electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus. IATs BMIs ERPs CTIs fMRTs Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-27 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: C) ERPs 28. One type of event related potential that has shown promise is known as the ________. This ERP occurs in response to significant stimuli that occur infrequently. P100 N100 P200 N200 P300 Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-28 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: E) P300 29. The appeal of using a brain-based lie-detection approach is researchers hope that it measures ______________ instead of _____________. easier to use, harder to use deception, emotional arousal electrical currents, blood flow truth, lies P300, P100 Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-29 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: B) deception, emotional arousal 30. McCabe, Castel, and Rhodes (2011) examined the influence of expert evidence, based on the use of various deception detection tools, on verdicts in a mock juror trial. When was the percentage of guilty verdicts the highest? An expert testified that there was increased activation of the frontal brain areas when the defendant denied killing his wife and her lover. There was no expert testimony. An expert testified that the temperature in the defendant’s face increased when he denied killing his wife and her lover. An expert testified that the defendant’s blood pressure increased when he denied killing his wife and her lover. An expert testified that the defendant averted gaze when he denied killing his wife and her lover. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-30 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: A) An expert testified that there was increased activation of the frontal brain areas when the defendant denied killing his wife and her lover. 31. Which non-verbal cue has consistently been found to indicate deception? Smiling Gaze aversion Self-manipulations (e.g., fidgeting) Blinking None of the above Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-31 Skill: Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: E) None of the above 32. In a study on beliefs about lying, what was the most common stereotype about liars? Liars avoid eye contact. Gut instincts are reliable indicators of deception. People telling the truth never say they don’t remember. Liars often fidget and blink excessively. Liars speak with a higher pitch of voice. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-32 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: A) Liars avoid eye contact. 33. Which of the following was not listed in the text as a myth for detecting deception? Only antisocial people tell lies Avoidance of eye contact Deception detection is easy Liars fidget more than truth-tellers Men are better at catching lies than women Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-33 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: D) Liars fidget more than truth-tellers. 34. Recent research by Matsumoto, Hwang, Skinner, and Frank (2011) has recommended that during interrogations, investigators should pay attention not only to what a suspect says but also the suspect’s face. Why was this recommendation made? Evidence suggests facial temperature increases when suspects are lying. Studies have found that eye movements and gaze aversion are indicative of deception. Research suggests that micro facial expressions reflect the true emotions someone is feeling. Truth tellers have been found to display greater facial movements relative to liars. An increase in mouth and forehead movements have been linked to telling a lie. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-34 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: C) Research suggests that micro facial expressions reflect the true emotions someone is feeling. 35. Which verbal indicator has been most strongly associated with deception? Speech fillers Voice pitch Speech pauses Speech errors (e.g., slips of the tongue) Rate of speech Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-35 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: B) Voice pitch 36. Which one of the following statements concerning deception detection is accurate? Deception judgments depend more on the liar than the judge. Professionals are consistently better than laypersons at detecting deception. Relatives lying about killing their loved ones are more likely to smile than innocent suspects. Judgments of truthfulness are dependent upon the personality of the judge. Complex lies are associated with fewer cues to deception relative to simple lies. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-36 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: A) Deception judgments depend more on the liar than the judge. 37. Which of the following statements is false? Liars consistently provide fewer details than truth-tellers. Truth-tellers are less likely to change their stories. Liars are less likely to admit to lack of memory. Liars’ stories are less fluent than the stories of truth-tellers. Liars tell less compelling stories than truth-tellers. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-37 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: B) Truth-tellers are less likely to change their stories. 38. According to the meta-analysis by Aamodt and Custer (2006), the average accurate rate for detecting deception for “professional lie catchers” was _____________. under 5% around 10% around 55% around 25% around 90% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-38 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: C) around 55% 39. For _____________ lies, police officers were not very accurate at detecting deception but are much better when the lies are _____________. multiple, single small, big elaborate, simple low-stakes, high-stakes fabricated, orchestrated Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-39 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: D) low-stakes, high-stakes 40. What refers to the tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive? Lie bias Confidence bias Fabrication bias Fundamental attribution error Truth bias Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-40 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: E) Truth bias 41. What is a recommendation concerning training programs for improving deception detection abilities in professionals? Utilizing new techniques such as thermal imaging and voice stress analysis. Teaching professionals how to elicit cues to deception in interviewing. Focusing on teaching both deception cues and truthfulness cues to counteract lie biases in professional populations. Instructing police officers to go “back to the basics” and rely on their gut instincts in determining truthfulness. Focusing on behavioural cues to deception and debunking myths about verbal cues. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-41 Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: C) Focusing on teaching both deception cues and truthfulness cues to counteract lie biases in professional populations. 42. What disorder consists of symptoms that are intentionally produced or falsified in the absence of obvious external rewards? Munchausen syndrome Malingering disorder Factitious disorder Somatoform disorder Non-deceptive disorder Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-42 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: C) Factitious disorder 43. What is the name of a rare factitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces an illness in their child? Conversion disorder Malingering Inversion disorder Parentification Munchausen syndrome by proxy Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-43 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: E) Munchausen syndrome by proxy 44. What are the two key components of malingering? External incentive and intentional symptoms Unintentional symptoms and no external incentive Intentional symptoms no external incentive External symptom and intentional incentive Unintentional symptoms and external incentive Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-44 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: A) External incentive and intentional symptoms 45. The opposite of malingering is called _______________. This is the conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms. denialism distance-minimization tactic defensiveness downplaying disorder polarization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-45 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: C) defensiveness 46. Richard Roger provided three explanatory models of malingering. What does the pathogenic model assume about people? They are motivated to avoid a stressful personal situation. They are motivated to malinger because of an underlying mental disorder. They are motivated to avoid legal consequences. They are motivated by economic gain. They are motivated to impress others. Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-46 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: B) They are motivated to malinger because of an underlying mental disorder. 47. In Richard Roger’s three explanatory models of malingering, what does the criminological model assume about people? They are motivated to avoid a stressful personal situation. They are motivated to malinger because of an underlying mental disorder. They are motivated to avoid legal consequences. They are motivated by economic gain. They are motivated to impress others. Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-47 Skill: Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: B) They are motivated to malinger because of an underlying mental disorder. 48. What is the most common research design used to study malingering? Known-groups Simulation Case study Cross-sequential Cross-sectional Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-48 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: B) Simulation 49. A study of malingering that uses a group of people who has the mental disorder and malingers the symptoms is known as the _____________ group. non-clinical experimental non-clinical control clinical experimental clinical control mixed design Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-49 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: C) clinical experimental 50. A study of malingering that has the mental disorder being studied but does not attempt to malinger symptoms is known as the _____________ group. non-clinical experimental non-clinical control clinical experimental clinical control mixed design Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-50 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: D) clinical control 51. A study of malingering that uses a group of people who does not have the mental disorder being studied and malingers the symptoms is known as the _____________ group. non-clinical experimental non-clinical control clinical experimental clinical control mixed design Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-51 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: A) non-clinical experimental 52. Which statement is true of the ethical aspects of research on malingering? Studies on malingering most often provide negative incentives to participants. Ethics boards have disallowed the use of deception by experimenters in the study of malingering. While deception by experimenters has been used in research on malingering, the participants usually remain unmotivated by the made-up incentives. Researchers must often balance ethical concerns with attempts to increase the internal validity of their study. Academic journal articles will not publish research on malingering. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-52 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: D) Researchers must often balance ethical concerns with attempts to increase the internal validity of their study. 53. The ___________ design involves two stages: (1) the establishment of the criterion groups (e.g., genuine patients and malingerers) and (2) an analysis of the similarities and differences between these criterion groups. mixed known-groups between-participant within-participant matched-groupings Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-53 Objective: 3.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: B) known-groups 54. Which of the following is not a cue to malingered psychosis in criminal defendants? Hallucinations with delusions Understandable motive for committing crime Absence of subtle signs of psychosis Presence of a partner in the crime Visual hallucinations in black and white Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-54 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: A) Hallucinations with delusions 55. The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms includes which of the following scales? Suggestibility Criminal motivation for offending Sudden emergence of psychotic symptoms Blatant symptoms Compliance symptoms Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-1-55 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: D) Blatant symptoms 56. The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms is comprised of ______ scales? five eight twelve three nineteen Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-1-56 Skill: Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: B) eight 57. The MMPI-2-RF has developed new validity scales to help detect malingering and three studies have investigated the validity of these new scales designed to identify. Across these studies, it was determined that the MMPI-2-RF scales were ________________ for detecting feigned mental disorders. reverse coded incorrectly effective coded fully incomplete ineffective Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-57 Skill: Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: B) effective 58. What self-report questionnaire has been most widely utilized in studies of malingering by examining validity scales (i.e., faking bad)? Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2) Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) NEO Five Factor Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-1-58 Objective: 4.6 Differentiate between the types of studies used to examine malingering and summarize research on malingered psychosis Answer: B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Chapter 04 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the four phases of a Comparison Question Test (CQT). Make sure you identify the purpose of each phase. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-01 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: - Phase 1: Pretest interview. Examiner develops comparison questions; learns about the background of the suspect; and the suspect is questioned about the offence. - Phase 2: CQT administration. Examiner asks questions while suspect’s physiological responses are recorded. - Phase 3: CQT scoring. The charts (or test) are numerically scored and summed to give a total score. The examiner looks at the difference between the physiological responses of the comparison and relevant questions. - Phase 4: Post-test interview. The examiner explains the results of the test to the suspect and tells the suspect the outcome. The examiner attempts to get confession if test reveals that the suspect was deceptive. 2. Provide four criticisms of the Comparison Question Test (CQT). Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-2-02 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: a. The CQT does not produce high levels of accuracy and is especially vulnerable to false-positive errors (falsely classifying guilty suspects as innocent). b. Results are inadmissible in Canadian courts of law. c. The theoretical rationale for the test is weak (i.e., cannot distinguish deception from fear, arousal, and other emotional states triggered in response to relevant and comparison questions). d. One can use a variety of countermeasures to “beat” the polygraph test (e.g., biting tongue, counting backwards). e. Empirical findings on polygraph validity do not satisfy minimal standards of research quality. 3. Describe the Concealed Information Test (CIT), including its purpose and general form. Also provide several criticisms or limitations of the CIT and why it isn’t used as much as the CQT. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-2-03 Objective: 4.1 Describe what the polygraph is, its uses, and two types of polygraph tests. Answer: The CIT does not assess deception but instead seeks to determine whether the suspect knows details about a crime that only the person who committed the crime would know. The general form of the CIT is a series of questions in multiple-choice format. Each question has one correct option (often called the critical option) and four options that are foils—alternatives that could fit the crime but that are incorrect. A CIT question in the context of a homicide might take the following form: “Did you kill the person with (a) a knife, (b) an axe, (c) a handgun, (d) a crowbar, or (e) a rifle?” The guilty suspect is assumed to display a larger physiological response to the correct option than to the incorrect options. An innocent person, conversely, who does not know the details of the crime, will show the same physiological response to all options. Underlying the CIT is the principle that people will react more strongly to information they recognize as distinctive or important than to unimportant information. Suspects who consistently respond to critical items are assumed to have knowledge of the crime. Critics of the CIT have warned that this test will work only if the suspect remembers the details of the crime (Honts & Schweinle, 2009). Criminals may not remember specific details from their crimes or may have memory interference from past crimes. Iacono and Patrick (1999) suggested two reasons for the lack of widespread acceptance of the CIT. First, since polygraph examiners believe in the accuracy of the CQT, they are not motivated to use the more difficult-to-construct CIT. Second, for law enforcement to use the CIT, salient features of the crime must be known only to the perpetrator. If details of a crime appear in the media, the crime-related details given cannot be used to construct a CIT. 4. Describe how event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have been used to detect deception. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-04 Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) are a type of brain-based response that has been investigated for detecting deception. ERPs are measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and by noting changes in electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus. ERPs reflect underlying electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. One type of ERP that has shown promise is known as the P300. This ERP occurs in response to significant stimuli that occur infrequently. When using CIT procedures, guilty suspects should respond to such crime-relevant events with a large P300 response, compared with noncrime-relevant events. No difference in P300 responses to crime-relevant and irrelevant events should be observed in innocent suspects. One of the advantages of ERPs is that they have been proposed as a measure resistant to manipulation (Farwell, 2012). 5. What concern has been raised regarding use of brain-imaging evidence in court? Discuss research that has examined this concern. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-05 Skill: Objective: 4.3 Describe physiologically based alternatives to the polygraph, including event-related brain potentials and functional brain-imaging techniques. Answer: There are also concerns that brain-imaging evidence may have a particularly powerful influence on juror decision making. Simply seeing pictures of brain images makes people believe that scientific results are more valid compared to when other images (such as figures or tables) are presented (McCabe & Castel, 2008). Recently, McCabe, Castel, and Rhodes (2011) examined the influence of evidence from the polygraph, fMRI lie detection, or thermal imaging on verdicts in a mock juror trial. Evidence from fMRI lie detection resulted in more guilty verdicts compared to the other types of evidence presented. However, the researchers found that if expert testimony was included that questioned the validity of fMRI lie detection, the number of guilty verdicts was reduced to a similar level as in the other conditions. There are clearly a number of practical, scientific, and ethical issues that need to be considered before fMRI evidence makes its way into the courtroom. 6. Provide two verbal and two non-verbal cues (variables) demonstrated to be reliable indicators of deception. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-06 Skill: Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: Verbal Cognitively complex lies (lies in which a person must fabricate information) are associated with an increased pitch of voice, increased speech disturbances, slower rate of speech. Cognitively simpler lies (lies in which you must conceal something or those in which the person is told what to lie about) are associated with fewer speech disturbances and a faster speech rate. Nonverbal Nodding, hand movement, leg/foot movement 7. Give two explanations as to why people are poor at detecting lies. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-07 Skill: Objective: 4.4 Outline the verbal and nonverbal characteristics of deception, including research on the detection of high-stakes lies. Answer: - People rely on cues that have no predictive validity such as gaze aversion and fidgeting. - People have a truth-bias (tendency to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive). 8. According to the text, what are the two key components of malingering? List four reasons why an individual might be motivated to malinger. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-08 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: - Components of malingering: Psychological or physical symptoms are clearly under voluntary control. The production of symptoms is externally motivated. - Possible reasons (external motivations): To avoid punishment by pretending to be unfit to stand trial. To avoid conscription to military. To seek financial gain from disability claims, workers' compensation, etc. To seek drugs/medications. To be transferred to a psychiatric facility, to escape from prison, or to obtain a more lenient sentence. 9. Rogers (1990) describes three explanatory models of malingering. Name and define these three models. Which model has been supported by research? Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 04-2-09 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: a. Pathogenic model: This assumes that motivation for malingering is due to an underlying mental disorder. b. Criminological model: Malingering is closely tied with the conjunction of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), aversive circumstances and uncooperativeness—i.e., malingering should be suspected if the following are present: (1) APD, (2) forensic assessment, (3) lack of cooperation, (4) discrepancy between subjective complaints and objective findings. c. Adaptational model: Malingering is likely to occur in the following circumstances: (1) there is perceived adversarial context, (2) personal stakes are very high, and (3) no other viable alternatives are perceived. - According to forensic psychologists, the adaptational model has been most supported by research. 10. Your text identifies several cues of malingered psychosis. Identify three cues associated with suspicious hallucinations and three cues associated with suspicious delusions. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-10 Skill: Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: Suspicious hallucinations: continuous rather than intermittent vague or inaudible inability to describe strategies to diminish voices claiming all commands are obeyed visual hallucinations in black and white Suspicious delusions: abrupt onset or termination eagerness to discuss conduct inconsistent with delusions elaborate delusions lacking in paranoid, grandiose, or religious themes 11. What are the eight strategies that a person may employ when malingering identified by the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)? Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-2-11 Objective: 4.5 Define disorders of deception and summarize the three explanatory models of malingering. Answer: 1) Rare symptoms: symptoms that true patients endorse very infrequently 2) Symptom combinations: uncommon pairings of symptoms 3) Improbable or absurd symptoms: symptoms unlikely to be true, since true patients rarely endorsed them 4) Blatant symptoms: items that are obvious signs of mental disorder 5) Subtle symptoms: items that contain what most people consider everyday problems 6) Selectivity of symptoms: ratio of symptoms endorsed versus those not endorsed 7) Severity of symptoms: number of severe symptoms reported 8) Reported versus observed symptoms: discrepancy between self-report and observable symptoms