03_pozz_fp_6e_tb_ch03.docx

Pozzulo/Bennell/Forth, Forensic Psychology, 6e — Test Bank Chapter 03: The Psychology of Police Investigations Chapter 03 Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the major goal of an accusatory-based police interrogation? Build rapport with the suspect Identify whether the suspect can understand their...

Pozzulo/Bennell/Forth, Forensic Psychology, 6e — Test Bank Chapter 03: The Psychology of Police Investigations Chapter 03 Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the major goal of an accusatory-based police interrogation? Build rapport with the suspect Identify whether the suspect can understand their legal rights Clear other unsolved cases Threaten the suspect with harsh sanctions Obtain a confession of guilt from the suspect Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-01 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: E) Obtain a confession of guilt from the suspect 2. What was one of the main concerns in Brown v. Mississippi (1936)? The use of physical coercion to obtain a confession The use of criminal profiling in court The low standard for admitting expert testimony The right to plead not guilty by reason of insanity The high number of convictions of Caucasians Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-02 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: A) The use of physical coercion to obtain a confession 3. Officer Lively is an undercover agent posing as a member of the local branch of the Hells Angels. He is attempting to lure a young adult named Joe into the gang. Joe also is a suspect in an ongoing investigation of a gang-related homicide. The officer rewards Joe for minor criminal activity and promotes gang membership as a lucrative club where Joe can be accepted and have access to all the cash, guns, drugs, and women he wants. He tells Joe that “the boss” wants to interview him for a “job” in the gang, and as part of this he needs to confess to a serious crime (the one under investigation). His confession is insurance that he can be trusted by the gang, and it is offered that the gang can help him out by making evidence “disappear”. Once Joe confesses, this is used against him in trial. What technique is Officer Lively using to gain a confession? Maximization techniques Criminal profiling The good cop-bad cop routine The Mr. Big technique Minimization techniques Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-03 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) The Mr. Big technique 4. Approximately 1 hour into an interrogation, constable McCardle asked the suspect ”Did you plan the killing of his wife OR did it just happen?” This type of question is the basis of which step in the Reid model of interrogation? Step 4 – overcoming objections. Step 8 – developing an admission into a full confession Step 2 – developing psychological themes Step 5 – regaining the suspect's attention Step 7 – using the alternative explanations technique Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-04 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: E) Step 7 – using the alternative explanations technique 5. What is the second stage of the three-stage Reid Model of Interrogation process? Gather evidence related to the crime – especially a crime scene analysis Interview witnesses Interview victims Develop an interview plan that outlines the material time frame of the crime Conduct a non-accusatorial interview of the suspect to assess any evidence of deception Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-05 Skill: Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: E) Conduct a non-accusatorial interview of the suspect to assess any evidence of deception 6. While interrogating Sam House, Officer Fallon states, “Look, they should never leave liquor in a store window to tempt honest guys like you and me who have addiction issues.” Officer Fallon’s statement is an example of which category of interrogation tactic? Minimization Maximization A scare tactic A baiting question Good cop-bad cop Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-06 Skill: Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: A) Minimization 7. While interrogating Mrs. Garneau, Officer Hamilton states, “Look, I've got three eyewitnesses that say you did it and your fingerprints are all over the gun found at the scene.” Officer Hamilton’s statement is an example of which category of interrogation tactic? Minimization Maximization A soft sell tactic A baiting question Good cop-bad cop Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-07 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) Maximization 8. Officer Gardner is interrogating James concerning an alleged assault with a weapon against an umpire following a baseball game. Officer Gardner tells James “I understand why you acted this way, the guy made some bad calls and ‘had it coming.’” The officer is employing what step in the Reid model of interrogation? Immediately confronting the suspect with his guilt Developing psychological themes to allow suspect to rationalize crime Drawing in the suspects’ attention to prevent them from withdrawing Presenting an alternative question to get the suspect to agree and confess Interrupting statements of denial to maintain control of the interrogation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-08 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) Developing psychological themes to allow suspect to rationalize crime 9. Officer MacDonald is interrogating Dianna concerning the suspicious death of her brother-in-law. Dianna keeps trying to tell Officer Moore that she didn’t do it and has no idea what the officer is talking about. Officer MacDonald keeps telling her that they need to focus on the facts because they know she is guilty! Each time she says she didn’t do it, they stop her from talking and say “we're past that” and tell her that they need to know WHY she killed her brother-in-law. The officer is employing what step in the Reid model of interrogation? Immediately confronting the suspect with his guilt Developing psychological themes to allow suspect to rationalize crime Drawing in the suspects attention to prevent them from withdrawing Presenting an alternative question to get the suspect to agree and confess Interrupting statements of denial to maintain control of the interrogation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-09 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: E) Interrupting statements of denial to maintain control of the interrogation 10. Kassin et al. (2007) conducted a survey of investigators about their interrogation practices. They found that investigators rarely reported instances of using threats or physical intimidation. Why should this result be interpreted with caution? The videos analyzed for this study only showed the behaviour of the suspect and not the investigator. This was a self-report study and the investigators’ responses may have been biased to make themselves look better. Much police intimidation occurs outside of the interrogation room, so not captured on film. The researchers may have received a biased sample of only those officers who use “good cop” routines. These techniques are considered illegal so police officers should not be using them in the first place. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-10 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) This was a self-report study and the investigators’ responses may have been biased to make themselves look better. 11. What did the results from both Kassin et al. (2007) survey of interrogation practices and King and Snook’s (2009) examination of actual Canadian interrogations show? Nearly every interrogator attempts to detect deception using verbal cues to deceit. All interrogators build rapport with suspects and accused persons. Interrogators always exaggerate the seriousness of offences. It was rare for interrogators to threaten suspect with consequences for not cooperating and physically intimidate suspects. Interrogations tend to last more than 6 hours. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-11 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) It was rare for interrogators to threaten suspect with consequences for not cooperating and physically intimidate suspects. 12. Of the following Reid technique themes analyzed in King and Snook’s (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations, which was most prevalent in the interrogations? Play one suspect against the other Appeal to the suspect’s pride with flattery Minimize the seriousness of the offence Suggest non-criminal intent for the offence Sympathize with the suspect by condemning others Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-12 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) Appeal to the suspect’s pride with flattery 13. What are a suspect’s interrogation rights called in the United States? Marianne rights Monica rights Miranda rights Marissa rights Melissa rights Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-13 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: C) Miranda rights 14. Eastwood and Snook (2010) have examined the degree to which people understand their right-to-silence and their right-to-legal counsel. What did these researchers find? In general, most people found it easy to understanding their rights. Presenting legal rights in written format appears to decrease comprehension of those rights. Presenting legal rights one element at a time appears to decrease comprehension of those rights. Self-reported confidence in one’s own comprehension of one’s legal rights is not a good predictor of actual comprehension. Most participants chose to call their lawyer. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-14 Skill: Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) Self-reported confidence in one’s own comprehension of one’s legal rights is not a good predictor of actual comprehension. 15. What group of individuals, who are highly vulnerable to misunderstanding their interrogation rights, did Eastwood, Snook, and Luther (2015) study? Individuals with impaired intellectual capacity Individuals with severe mental illness Domestic violence victims High school students Victims of child sexual abuse Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-15 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) High school students 16. Which of the following has been identified as a problem with the Reid model of interrogation? The techniques included in the Reid model will rarely be approved of by the courts. The Reid model incorrectly assumes that investigators can accurately detect when a suspect is lying. The techniques used in the Reid model decrease the chance that people will falsely confess. The Reid model has been classified as a soft approach to interrogations. The Reid model does not allow officers to conduct interrogations when there is no physical evidence. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-16 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) The Reid model incorrectly assumes that investigators can accurately detect when a suspect is lying. 17. As related to police interrogations, Kassin and his colleagues (2003) discovered several important findings regarding investigator bias. Which of the following was not one of their conclusions? Interrogators with guilty expectations tend to use a higher frequency of interrogation techniques compared to interrogators with innocent expectations. Suspects generally have accurate perceptions of the investigator’s expectations of guilt or innocence. Neutral observers tend to view interrogators with guilty expectations as more coercive, especially against suspects who are actually guilty. Neutral observers tend to view suspects being interrogated by an officer with guilty expectations as being more defensive. Interrogators with guilty expectations tend to ask more questions that convey their belief of guilt. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-17 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: C) Neutral observers tend to view interrogators with guilty expectations as more coercive, especially against suspects who are actually guilty. 18. In order to be admitted as evidence in Canadian courts, confessions must be ________________ and the confessor must be _______________. given voluntarily, at least 21 years of age written down, competent provided when a lawyer is present, supported by corroborative evidence given voluntarily, competent provided when a lawyer is present, at least 21 years old Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-18 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) given voluntarily, competent 19. Which of the following police interrogation practices would likely cause a confession to be ruled inadmissible by Canadian legal standards? exaggerating the infallibility of polygraph tests minimizing the seriousness of the crimes that were committed implying that psychiatric assistance can be made available if the suspect confesses depriving the suspect of sleep implying that one’s friend may also have to be interviewed if the suspect does not confess Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-19 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) depriving the suspect of sleep 20. The model of police interrogation used in North America is ___________ and the model used in Britain is ___________. accusatorial, accusatorial inquisitorial, admissible inquisitorial, accusatorial accusatorial, inquisitorial inadmissible, admissible Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-20 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: D) accusatorial, inquisitorial 21. What does the “A” in P.E.A.C.E. model of investigative interviewing stand for? Assess Analytical Account Adapt Action Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-21 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: C) Account 22. What is the primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing? Obtain a confession Obtain complete and accurate information about the crime Utilize minimization techniques only in questioning suspects Eliminate the need for use of any investigative coercion practices Teach police officers how to use calming strategies during stressful interviews Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-22 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) Obtain complete and accurate information about the crime 23. Officer Parneau has recently completed a training course in investigative interviewing, and has implemented these techniques in her policing. She now seeks to use more open-ended questions in her interrogations, and to ultimately obtain good information about the crime, rather than simply a confession. What model of interrogation is Officer Parneau using? QA model Reid model Inquisition model Kassin model PEACE model Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-23 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: E) PEACE model 24. Snook, Luther, Quinlan, and Milne (2012) analyzed 80 Canadian police interviews with suspects. What did they find? Open-ended questions were used much less frequently than close-ended questions. Leading questions were the most widely used question type. Suspects did most of the talking in interviews. Closed-ended questions were used much less frequently than open-ended questions. Forced choice questions were used more frequently than leading questions. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-24 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: A) Open-ended questions were used much less frequently than close-ended questions. 25. Which of the following police organizations was the first in North America to implement the PEACE model of interviewing? Vancouver Police Service Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Ontario Provincial Police Toronto Police Service Medicine Hat Police Service Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-25 Skill: Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: B) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary 26. Brenda steals a turkey from the local grocery store. When interrogated by the police, she confesses to stealing the turkey. During her trial, the confession is thrown out because Brenda was not properly read her rights upon arrest. What term best describes this confession? A coerced-compliant false confession A coerced-internalized false confession A retracted confession A voluntary false confession A disputed confession Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-26 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: E) A disputed confession 27. It is estimated that approximately______% of cases where prisoners have been exonerated through DNA testing contained a false confession. 1 25 50 75 100 Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-27 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: B) 25 28. When questioned by police, Noah confesses to a burglary that occurred on his street. Later, when his defence attorney is preparing his case for court, Noah declares the confession he gave to the police was false. What type of confession is this? A coerced-compliant false confession A coerced-internalized false confession A retracted confession A voluntary false confession A disputed confession Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-28 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: C) a retracted confession 29. Which of the following did Gudjonsson (1992) identify as a key vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of a voluntary false confessions? The confessor’s amount of sleep deprivation The confessor’s stage in human development The confessor’s desire to protect someone else The confessor’s level of suggestibility The confessor’s level of compliance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-29 Skill: Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: C) the confessor's desire to protect someone else 30. An innocent suspect is interrogated for 18 hours without food or water. The suspect is told by the investigator that he can get up and leave once “he comes clean.” The suspect is exhausted and confesses. What type of confession has just occurred? A voluntary false confession A coerced-compliant false confession A compliant-internalized false confession A coerced-internalized false confession A confabulated false confession Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-30 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: B) A coerced-compliant false confession 31. Which of the following was identified by Gudjonsson (1992) as a major vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of coerced-internalized false confessions? A morbid desire for notoriety The confessor experiencing severe anxiety and confusion. The confessor’s desire to protect someone else. The confessor’s feelings of generalized guilt. The confessor’s inability to distinguish fact from fantasy. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-31 Skill: Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: B) The confessor experiencing severe anxiety and confusion. 32. The Billy Wayne Cope case was used in your text as an example of what type of confession? Coerced-internalized false confession Voluntary false confession Disputed confession Coerced-compliant false confession Retracted confession Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-32 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: A) Coerced-internalized false confession 33. A man is accused of sexually abusing his one-year old daughter. He initially denies his involvement, but the police persist in telling him that “abusers often don’t remember their actions” and that it would help if he tried to visualize the abusive incidents. Although he did not commit these crimes, he comes to remember images of him engaging in abusive acts, and begins to believe he is guilty, so he confesses. What type of confession is this? Voluntary false confession Coerced-internalized false confession Coerced-compliant false confession Confabulated confession Disputed confession Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-33 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: B) Coerced-internalized false confession 34. In a study by Kassin and Keichel (1996), students were brought into the lab in order to examine the phenomenon of false confessions. Subjects were accused of committing a crime (hitting a forbidden computer key) that they had in fact not committed. Two factors were manipulated: the participant’s level of vulnerability and whether false evidence was presented. What did this research find? Participants never exhibited compliance when accused of the crime. Participants presented with false evidence were more likely to internalize their guilt. Participants presented with false evidence were less likely to confabulate details. The presence of false evidence had no influence on compliance or internalization. Participants presented with a rationalization thought they would be penalized. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-34 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: B) Participants presented with false evidence were more likely to internalize their guilt. 35. What is the tendency to go along with demands made by people perceived to be in authority, even though the person may not agree with them? Yielding Internalization Confabulation Reactance Compliance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-35 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: E) Compliance 36. Which of the following is not one of the reasons proposed by Appleby, Hasel, and Kassin (2013) as to why jurors are unlikely to identify false confessions? Jurors are unable to accurately distinguish between true and false confessions. False confessions can be highly similar to true confessions with respect to their form and content. Jurors are unlikely to believe that a person would make statements that counter self-interest. Jurors, like most members of the public, are poor detectors of deception. False confessions are often very strange and bizarre, and seem too odd not to be true which increases their believability. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-36 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: E) False confessions are often very strange and bizarre, and seem too odd not to be true which increases their believability. 37. What type of cases is criminal profiling likely to be least useful? Serial homicide Serial rape Serial burglary A serial offender with severe psychopathology Serial rape and serial burglary Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-37 Skill: Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: C) Serial burglary 38. Which of the following was not proposed as a purpose of criminal profiling in your textbook? Flushing out the offender Prioritizing suspects Identifying new lines of inquiry Providing evidence of guilt in court Developing strategies for suspect interrogation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-38 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: D) Providing evidence of guilt in court 39. What is an investigative technique for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based upon an analysis of the crimes they have committed? Crime scene investigation (CSI) criminal profiling Personality-behavioural investigative assessment NEO-2 analysis Psychological autopsy Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-39 Skill: Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: B) Criminal profiling 40. What was a problem that led to the development of the RCMP’s ViCLAS system? Linkage blindness Ambiguous profiles Racial profiling Police officer bias Geographic profiling Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-40 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: A) Linkage blindness 41. What is the name of the field of criminal profiling that David Canter and his colleagues have been developing into a scientific practice? Investigative psychology Environmental psychology Forensic-behavioural crime science Trait-situation psychology Canterian science Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-41 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: A) Investigative psychology 42. Detective Johnson is trying to predict an offender’s background characteristics based on comparing that offender’s crimes with similar crimes committed by other, known offenders. Det. Johnson is engaging in what type of profiling? Deductive criminal profiling Demographic profiling Geographic profiling Inductive criminal profiling Investigative model profiling Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-42 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: D) Inductive criminal profiling 43. Which of the following is a characteristic of a disorganized offender? Lives close to the crimes High intelligence Sexually adequate Lives with a partner Follows crimes in the media Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-1-43 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: A) Lives close to the crimes 44. A 2016 study by Goodwill, Lehmann, Beauregard, and Andrei used a statistical technique to identify different ways that sex offenders searched, selected, _______________, and assaulted their victims. killed scared sedated approached silenced Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-44 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: D) approached 45. Goodwill, Lehmann, Beauregard, and Andrei's (2016) study of sexual assault behaviours found two major dimensions for the relationship between crime scene behaviours and background characteristics. What were they? Location and type of attacker Amount of force and level of resistance Level of functioning and type of personality trait Physical features and crime scene location Victim type specificity and level of violence Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-45 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: E) Victim type specificity and level of violence 46. Alison, Smith, Eastman, and Rainbow (2003) examined 21 written criminal profiles that were used in major criminal investigations. Their examination of every prediction revealed that approximately _____% of those predictions were vague. 1 25 50 75 100 Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-46 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: B) 25 47. What is the model of personality that assumes the primary determinants of behaviour are stable, internal traits? Situational model of personality Classic trait model Deterministic model of traits Environmental personality model Trait-situation model Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-47 Skill: Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: B) Classic trait model 48. Which of the following is the basic assumption underlying geographic profiling? Offenders will commit their crimes in their immediate neighbourhood. Offenders tend not to travel far from home to commit their crimes. Offenders only target areas they know very well. Offenders travel far distances from home to commit crimes to avoid detection. Offenders will sometimes move residences while committing a series of crimes. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-48 Objective: 3.4 Explain what geographic profiling is and how it can be used in police investigations. Answer: B) Offenders tend not to travel far from home to commit their crimes. 49. It is more likely that a __________ can be geographically profiled accurately than a __________. travelling offender, non-travelling offender non-travelling offender, travelling offender non-serial offender, serial offender serial offender, sequential offender commuter, marauder Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-1-49 Objective: 3.4 Explain what geographic profiling is and how it can be used in police investigations. Answer: B) non-travelling offender, travelling offender 50. What type of computer systems use mathematical models of offender spatial behaviour to make predictions about where unknown serial offenders are likely to reside? Geographic profiling systems Time-space-people analytical systems Probability spatial function systems Nearest neighbour geographic systems Violent crime linkage analysis systems Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-1-50 Skill: Objective: 3.4 Explain what geographic profiling is and how it can be used in police investigations. Answer: A) Geographic profiling systems Chapter 03 Short Answer Questions 1. List the two primary goals of a police interrogation (accusatorial and non-accusatorial). In addition, describe the three types of false confessions that can result from North American–style police interrogation techniques. Please make it clear how they differ from one another. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-01 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: - The two primary goals of a police interrogation are: a. To gain information that will further the investigation b. To obtain a confession from the suspect - The three types of false confessions are: a. Voluntary false confession: The suspect confesses voluntarily to a crime he/she did not commit without elicitation or coercion from a police interrogator. b. Coerced-compliant false confession: Although fully aware of his/her innocence, the suspect confesses to a crime he/she did not commit as a product of coercive interrogation techniques used by the police. c. Coerced-internalized false confession: The suspect recalls and confesses to a crime he/she did not commit, usually after being exposed to suggestible questions by interrogators. 2. What is the name of the interrogation model that is most often taught to police officers in North America? Describe the model’s three-part process. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-02 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: The model of interrogation that is most often taught to police officers in North America is the Reid model of interrogation. - Stage 1: Gather crime-related evidence and interview witnesses and victims - Stage 2: Conduct a non-accusatorial interview of the suspect to assess guilt - Stage 3: If the suspect is perceived to be guilty, conduct an accusatorial interrogation of the suspect using the nine-step procedure in order to obtain a confession. 3. What does the acronym for the PEACE model of interrogation stand for? Describe the primary goal of this model, and provide one example of how Canadian police officers are not adhering to the principles advocated by the PEACE model. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-03 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: PEACE is an acronym for planning and preparation, engage and explain, account, closure, and evaluation. - This model provides an inquisitorial framework within which to conduct police interrogations (compared with the accusatorial framework used in the Reid model) and is based on an interview method known as conversation management, which encourages information gathering more than securing a confession. - As highlighted above, rather than focusing on extracting confessions, the primary goal of a PEACE interview would be to obtain complete and accurate information about the crime in question; information that will ultimately allow investigators to conduct a more efficient and effective investigation - Canadian interrogators rarely rely on questioning practices that will allow them to maximize the amount of complete and accurate information that is collected. For example, open-ended questions were used much less frequently (<1% of all questions) than close-ended questions (approximately 40% of all questions) in the interviews analyzed by Snook et al., despite the fact that research consistently demonstrates that an interviewer can extract a higher quantity of information from suspects, and more accurate information, when they allow the interviewee to do most of the talking. 4. Define what is meant by minimization and maximization techniques and provide one example of each technique. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-04 Objective: 3.1 Describe the Reid model of interrogation and outline three potential problems with it. Answer: Minimization techniques: soft sell interrogation tactics used by the police in an attempt to draw the suspect into a false sense of security (e.g., offering justifications for the offence, showing sympathy, making excuses, etc.) Maximization techniques: scare tactics used by the police in an attempt to intimidate the suspect who is believed to be guilty (e.g., making false claims of evidence, exaggerating the seriousness of the offence, etc.) 5. Distinguish between a retracted confession and a disputed confession. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-05 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: Retracted confession: involves a suspect/defendant declaring that the confession he or she made is false. Disputed confession: involves a confession that is challenged in court due to legal technicalities or because a suspect/defendant denies the confession was ever made. 6. What are the three main types of false confessions proposed by Kassin and Wrightsman (1985)? Describe each and identify the situation where each are likely to arise. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-06 Objective: 3.2 Define the three major types of false confessions. Answer: Voluntary false confessions occur when someone voluntarily confesses to a crime he or she did not commit without any elicitation from the police. Research has indicated that people voluntarily false confess for a variety of reasons. For example, Gudjonsson (1992) suggested that such confessions may arise out of (1) a morbid desire for notoriety, (2) the person being unable to distinguish fact from fantasy, (3) the need to make up for pathological feelings of guilt by receiving punishment, or (4) a desire to protect somebody else from harm (which may be particularly prevalent among juveniles). Coerced-compliant false confessions are those in which the suspect confesses to a crime, even though the suspect is fully aware that he or she did not commit it. This type of false confession is perhaps the most common (Gudjonsson & MacKeith, 1988). Unlike voluntary false confessions, these confessions are caused by the use of coercive interrogation tactics on the part of the police, such as the maximization techniques described earlier. Specifically, coerced-compliant confessions may be given so the suspect can (1) escape further interrogation, (2) gain a promised benefit, or (3) avoid a threatened punishment (Gudjonsson, 1992). The third, and perhaps the most bizarre type of false confession proposed by Kassin and Wrightsman (1985) is the coerced-internalized false confession. Here, individuals recall and confess to a crime they did not commit, usually after they are exposed to highly suggestible questions, such as the minimization techniques described earlier in the chapter (Gudjonsson, 2003). In contrast to the coerced-compliant false confessor, however, these individuals actually end up believing they are responsible for the crime. According to Gudjonsson (1992), several vulnerability factors are associated with this type of false confession, including (1) a history of substance abuse or some other interference with brain function, (2) the inability of people to detect discrepancies between what they observed and what has been erroneously suggested to them, and (3) factors associated with mental state, such as severe anxiety, confusion, or feelings of guilt. 7. Define criminal profiling, and provide four main goals of criminal profiling. Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-2-07 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: Criminal profiling is a method by which one attempts to identify personality, behavioural, and/or demographic characteristics of an offender on the basis of the characteristics of the crimes he or she has committed. - Goals of criminal profiling: To flush out an offender To determine whether a threatening note should be taken seriously To provide advice on how to best interrogate a suspect To provide prosecutors with strategies that will help them "break down" the suspect/defendant in cross-examination 8. Goodwill, Lehmann, Beauregard, and Andrei (2016) examined the relationship between crime scene behaviours and background characteristics for a sample of serial sex offenders. Describe the three different ways these offenders select their victims. Also describe the three clusters of background characteristics they identified. Difficulty: Hard QuestionID: 03-2-08 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: Victim Selection: 1) Offenders who predominantly target adult females with specific physical features (telio specific); (2) Offenders who predominantly target child and adolescent victims with specific physical features (pedo/hebe specific); and (3) Offenders who don’t appear to have a preferred victim type (non-specific). Background Characteristics: (1) The socially competent offender; (2) The anti-social generalist offender; and (3) The sexually deviant offender. 9. Define deductive criminal profiling and inductive criminal profiling. Identify a problem associated with each method. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-09 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: - Deductive profiling: involves the prediction of an offender’s background characteristics by analysing the crime scene evidence left by that particular offender. The main problem with this approach is that the logical foundations upon which the profiling predictions are based might be flawed. - Inductive profiling: involves the prediction of an offender’s background characteristics on the basis of a statistical comparison of that particular offender’s crimes with similar crimes committed by other, known offenders. The main problem with this approach is that it will never be possible to obtain a representative sample of offenders from which to draw valid profiling conclusions. 10. List five crime scene behaviours that are believed to relate to organized offenders and five crime scene behaviours that are believed to related to disorganized offenders. Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-2-10 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: - Organized: planned offence, use of restraints, ante-mortem sexual acts, use of vehicle in the crime, no post-mortem mutilation, corpse not taken, little evidence left at the scene - Disorganized: spontaneous offence, no restraints used, post-mortem sexual acts, no use of vehicle in the crime, post-mortem mutilation, corpse or body parts taken, evidence left at the scene 11. List five background characteristics that are believed to relate to organized offenders and five background characteristics that are believed to related to disorganized offenders. Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-2-11 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: - Organized: high intelligence, skilled occupation, sexually adequate, lives with a partner, geographically mobile, lives and works far away from crimes, follows crimes in media, maintains residence and vehicle - Disorganized: low intelligence, unskilled occupation, sexually inadequate, lives alone, geographically stable, lives and works close to crimes, little interest in media, does not maintain residence or vehicle 12. State four criticisms of criminal profiling. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-2-12 Objective: 3.3 Explain why police use criminal profiling and outline potential problems with its use. Answer: - The theoretical model upon which criminal profiling is based (i.e., the classic trait approach) lacks strong empirical support. - The core psychological assumptions underlying profiling currently lack strong empirical support. - Profiles usually contain information that is vague and ambiguous. Research suggests that such information can be interpreted to fit a wide range of suspects (even if those suspects are quite different from one another). - In terms of the accuracy of profiles constructed, professional profilers appear to be no better than certain untrained individuals (e.g., psychologists).