Police Interrogation and Confessions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of an accusatory-based police interrogation?

  • Clear other unsolved cases
  • Identify whether the suspect can understand their legal rights
  • Threaten the suspect with harsh sanctions (correct)
  • Build rapport with the suspect

    • In Brown v. Mississippi (1936), what was one of the main concerns addressed?

  • The low standard for admitting expert testimony
  • The use of physical coercion to obtain a confession (correct)
  • The right to plead not guilty by reason of insanity
  • The use of criminal profiling in court

    • What is Officer Lively's role in the scenario described?

  • Suspect in an ongoing investigation of a gang-related homicide
  • Victim of a gang-related homicide
  • Undercover agent posing as a member of the Hells Angels (correct)
  • Leader of the local branch of the Hells Angels

    • What is the Reid model of interrogation primarily focused on?

    <p>Obtaining confessions from suspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves an officer rewarding minor criminal activity and promoting gang membership?

    <p>Mr. Big technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the Reid Model of Interrogation process is a non-accusatorial interview conducted?

    <p>Second stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which officer's statement to Sam House is an example of minimization tactic?

    <p>Officer Fallon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which officer's statement to Mrs. Garneau is an example of maximization tactic?

    <p>Officer Hamilton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is an example of developing psychological themes in interrogation?

    <p>Developing psychological themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kassin et al. (2007), what did investigators rarely report using?

    <p>Physical intimidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the result of Kassin et al. (2007) be interpreted with caution?

    <p>It was a self-report study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does much police intimidation occur according to the text?

    <p>Outside of the interrogation room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the researchers suspect about the sample used in Kassin et al. (2007)?

    <p>It included only those officers who use good cop routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) find regarding the use of threats or physical intimidation?

    <p>They were rarely reported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tactic is Officer MacDonald's behavior towards Dianna an example of?

    <p>Interrupting statements of denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did the officer use to gain a confession from Joe?

    <p>Mr. Big technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major vulnerability factor for coerced-internalized false confessions?

    <p>Severe anxiety and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of false confession does a person falsely confess due to police persistence and suggestive questioning?

    <p>Coerced-internalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did research by Kassin and Kiechel find about participants presented with false evidence?

    <p>More likely to internalize their guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compliance in the context of false confessions?

    <p>Tendency to go along with demands from perceived authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are jurors unlikely to identify false confessions?

    <p>Inability to distinguish between true and false confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of criminal profiling?

    <p>Flushing out the offender, prioritizing suspects, and identifying new lines of inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does criminal profiling aim to identify?

    <p>Major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based on the crimes they have committed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem was the RCMP’s ViCLAS system developed to address?

    <p>Linkage blindness in criminal profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issues was the ViCLAS system aimed to address?

    <p>Ambiguous profiles, racial profiling, police officer bias, and geographic profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is least likely to be useful in serial burglary cases?

    <p>Criminal profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) and King and Snook (2009) find about the behavior of nearly every interrogator?

    <p>They attempt to detect deception using verbal cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did King and Snook's (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations find to be the most prevalent Reid technique theme?

    <p>Appealing to the suspect's pride with flattery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are a suspect's interrogation rights called in the United States?

    <p>Miranda rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Eastwood and Snook (2010), what did they find about self-reported confidence in understanding legal rights?

    <p>It is not a good predictor of actual comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eastwood, Snook, and Luther (2015) find about high school students' understanding of their interrogation rights?

    <p>They are highly vulnerable to misunderstanding their interrogation rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin and colleagues (2003) discover about interrogators with guilty expectations?

    <p>They tend to use a higher frequency of interrogation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neutral observers tend to view suspects being interrogated by an officer with guilty expectations as?

    <p>More defensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canadian courts, under what conditions must confessions be given to be admitted as evidence?

    <p>Voluntarily and the confessor must be competent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concerns does the Reid model of interrogation raise?

    <p>Concerns about its assumptions and potential impact on false confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have various studies shed light on?

    <p>The prevalence of certain interrogation techniques, the understanding of interrogation rights, and the impact of investigator bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A' in the P.E.A.C.E. model of investigative interviewing stand for?

    <p>Account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which police organization was the first in North America to implement the PEACE model of interviewing?

    <p>Royal Newfoundland Constabulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing?

    <p>To obtain complete and accurate information about the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vulnerability factor did Gudjonsson identify as associated with the occurrence of a voluntary false confession?

    <p>Desire to protect someone else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of confession would Brenda's be described as if her rights were not properly read upon arrest?

    <p>Disputed confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In North America, what is the model of police interrogation?

    <p>Accusatorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases where prisoners have been exonerated through DNA testing contained a false confession?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Snook, Luther, Quinlan, and Milne find about the use of open-ended questions in Canadian police interviews with suspects?

    <p>Open-ended questions were used much less frequently than close-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would Noah's declaration that his confession to the police was false be classified as?

    <p>Retracted confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of false confession would an innocent suspect likely make after being interrogated for 18 hours without food or water, and being told he can leave once he confesses?

    <p>Coerced-compliant false confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a confession be classified as if it is made by a suspect who confesses to protect someone else?

    <p>Coerced-internalized false confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the likely ruling on a confession if the suspect is deprived of sleep during interrogation according to Canadian legal standards?

    <p>Inadmissible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main concerns in Brown v. Mississippi (1936)?

    <p>The use of physical coercion to obtain a confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major goal of an accusatory-based police interrogation?

    <p>Obtain a confession of guilt from the suspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario described, what is Officer Lively's role?

    <p>An undercover agent posing as a member of the local branch of the Hells Angels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing?

    <p>To minimize the risk of false confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of criminal profiling?

    <p>To identify the major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based on the crimes they have committed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vulnerability factor did Gudjonsson identify as associated with coerced-internalized false confessions?

    <p>Severe anxiety and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did research by Kassin and Kiechel find about participants presented with false evidence?

    <p>They were more likely to internalize their guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the RCMP’s ViCLAS system aim to address?

    <p>Linkage blindness in criminal profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Billy Wayne Cope case serve as an example of?

    <p>Coerced-internalized false confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is compliance in the context of false confessions?

    <p>Going along with demands from perceived authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is criminal profiling least likely to be useful for?

    <p>Serial burglary cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the RCMP’s ViCLAS system aim to address?

    <p>Ambiguous profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the research by Kassin and Kiechel find about the use of false evidence?

    <p>It led to internalization of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of criminal profiling?

    <p>To identify the major personality and behavioral characteristics of an individual based on the crimes they have committed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the RCMP’s ViCLAS system aim to address?

    <p>Linkage blindness in criminal profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin and Kiechel's research find about the impact of false evidence on participants?

    <p>It led to internalization of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing?

    <p>To obtain complete and accurate information about the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of false confession would an innocent suspect likely make after being interrogated for 18 hours without food or water, and being told he can leave once he confesses?

    <p>Coerced-compliant false confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would Noah's declaration that his confession to the police was false be classified as?

    <p>Retracted confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a confession be classified as if it is made by a suspect who confesses to protect someone else?

    <p>Protective false confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concerns does the Reid model of interrogation raise?

    <p>Potential for false confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canadian courts, under what conditions must confessions be given to be admitted as evidence?

    <p>Voluntary and reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gudjonsson identify as a key vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of a voluntary false confession?

    <p>The confessor's desire to protect someone else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major vulnerability factor for coerced-internalized false confessions?

    <p>The use of false evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Snook, Luther, Quinlan, and Milne find about the use of open-ended questions in Canadian police interviews with suspects?

    <p>They were used much less frequently than close-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tactic is Officer MacDonald's behavior towards Dianna an example of?

    <p>Minimization tactic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of criminal profiling?

    <p>To create a psychological profile of the suspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary achieve as the first police organization in North America to implement the PEACE model of interviewing?

    <p>They adopted a more open-ended approach to questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with Kassin et al.'s (2007) findings about the use of threats or physical intimidation?

    <p>The results were based on self-report, potentially biased responses from investigators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) find about the investigators' reporting of using threats or physical intimidation?

    <p>Investigators rarely reported instances of using threats or physical intimidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be interpreted with caution regarding Kassin et al.'s (2007) findings about the use of threats or physical intimidation?

    <p>The potential bias in the self-reported responses from investigators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) suggest about the sample used in their study?

    <p>The researchers may have received a biased sample of only those officers who use 'good cop' routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) find about the use of minimization and maximization tactics by officers?

    <p>Officers frequently utilized minimization and maximization tactics to elicit confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with Kassin et al.'s (2007) findings about the use of minimization and maximization tactics?

    <p>The results were based on self-report, potentially biased responses from investigators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) find about the impact of self-reporting on the use of minimization and maximization tactics?

    <p>Investigators frequently reported using minimization and maximization tactics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) suggest about the potential bias in the reporting of minimization and maximization tactics?

    <p>The study's reliance on self-reported responses from investigators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) find about the occurrence of police intimidation outside of the interrogation room?

    <p>Much police intimidation occurs outside of the interrogation room, so it may not have been captured on film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the interpretation of Kassin et al.'s (2007) findings about police intimidation?

    <p>The study's failure to capture instances of police intimidation outside the interrogation room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin and colleagues (2003) discover about interrogators with guilty expectations?

    <p>They tend to use a higher frequency of interrogation techniques compared to interrogators with innocent expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eastwood and Snook (2010) find about self-reported confidence in understanding legal rights?

    <p>It is not a good predictor of actual comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canadian courts, under what conditions must confessions be given to be admitted as evidence?

    <p>Confessions must be given voluntarily and the confessor must be competent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did King and Snook's (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations find to be the most prevalent Reid technique theme?

    <p>Appealing to the suspect's pride with flattery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major vulnerability factor for coerced-internalized false confessions?

    <p>Youthfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing?

    <p>To gather accurate and reliable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kassin et al. (2007) and King and Snook (2009) find about the behavior of nearly every interrogator?

    <p>They attempt to detect deception using verbal cues, build rapport with suspects, and exaggerate the seriousness of offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eastwood, Snook, and Luther (2015) study about high school students' understanding of their interrogation rights?

    <p>They found them to be highly vulnerable to misunderstanding their interrogation rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did various studies shed light on?

    <p>The prevalence of certain interrogation techniques, the understanding of interrogation rights, and the impact of investigator bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Reid model of interrogation raise concerns about?

    <p>Its assumptions and potential impact on false confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Snook, Luther, Quinlan, and Milne find about the use of open-ended questions in Canadian police interviews with suspects?

    <p>They are used to gather accurate and reliable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Police Interrogation and Confessions

    • The Canadian legal standards would likely rule a confession inadmissible if the suspect is deprived of sleep during interrogation.
    • In North America, the model of police interrogation is accusatorial, while in Britain, it is inquisitorial.
    • The "A" in the P.E.A.C.E. model of investigative interviewing stands for "Account."
    • The primary goal of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing is to obtain complete and accurate information about the crime.
    • Officer Parneau, who seeks to use more open-ended questions in her interrogations and obtain good information about the crime, is using the PEACE model of interrogation.
    • Snook, Luther, Quinlan, and Milne found that open-ended questions were used much less frequently than close-ended questions in Canadian police interviews with suspects.
    • The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was the first police organization in North America to implement the PEACE model of interviewing.
    • A confession from Brenda, whose rights were not properly read upon arrest, would be best described as a "disputed confession."
    • Approximately 25% of cases where prisoners have been exonerated through DNA testing contained a false confession.
    • Noah's declaration that his confession to the police was false would be best classified as a "retracted confession."
    • Gudjonsson identified the confessor's desire to protect someone else as a key vulnerability factor associated with the occurrence of a voluntary false confession.
    • An innocent suspect who confesses after being interrogated for 18 hours without food or water, and being told he can leave once he confesses, has likely made a "coerced-compliant false confession."

    Interrogation Techniques and Rights Summary

    • Kassin et al. (2007) and King and Snook (2009) found that nearly every interrogator attempts to detect deception using verbal cues, builds rapport with suspects, and exaggerates the seriousness of offenses.
    • Threatening suspects with consequences for not cooperating and physically intimidating them was rare during interrogations.
    • King and Snook's (2009) examination of Canadian interrogations found that appealing to the suspect's pride with flattery was the most prevalent Reid technique theme.
    • In the United States, a suspect's interrogation rights are called Miranda rights.
    • Eastwood and Snook (2010) found that self-reported confidence in understanding legal rights is not a good predictor of actual comprehension.
    • Eastwood, Snook, and Luther (2015) studied high school students and found them to be highly vulnerable to misunderstanding their interrogation rights.
    • The Reid model incorrectly assumes that investigators can accurately detect when a suspect is lying.
    • Kassin and colleagues (2003) discovered that interrogators with guilty expectations tend to use a higher frequency of interrogation techniques compared to interrogators with innocent expectations.
    • Neutral observers tend to view suspects being interrogated by an officer with guilty expectations as being more defensive.
    • In Canadian courts, confessions must be given voluntarily and the confessor must be competent to be admitted as evidence.
    • The Reid model of interrogation raises concerns about its assumptions and potential impact on false confessions.
    • Various studies have shed light on the prevalence of certain interrogation techniques, the understanding of interrogation rights, and the impact of investigator bias.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of police interrogation and confessions with this quiz. Explore topics such as legal standards for admissibility of confessions, different models of police interrogation, and factors associated with false confessions. Brush up on your understanding of the PEACE model of investigative interviewing and learn about different types of confessions, including disputed and retracted confessions.

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