F3 History 1st Term Exam Notes PDF

F3 History 1st term exam revision notes - 1870-1945 (the First World War and the Second World War) Content: Content Page numbers 1. The four background causes of the First World War 1-5 2. Sarajevo Incident and start of the First World War 6-7 3. Course of the First World War 7-8 4. Impact of the First World War and Paris Peace Conference 9-13 5. 1920-1929 14-15 6. Rise of totalitarianism 16 7. Appeasement policy 17-19 8. Start of the Second World War and its course 20 1 1. The four background causes of the First World War: navy / naval race 1. Armaments race (Britain vs. Germany, building dreadnoughts) soldiers weapons (by using conscription) Impacts: 1. Led to war fever Everyone believed they were strong enough to defeat each other. They want to make war because they believe they will win. 2. Led to more suspicions between powers The Powers believe their neighbors are making even more armaments, so they make more armaments to defend oneself, suspecting the other powers want to ﬁght. 2. Alliance system (member in the alliance = ally / allies) Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) Reasons for forming:  France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, Germany knew France wanted revenge  Germany formed the Triple Alliance to deter France, so that France will not attack Germany. Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia) Reasons for forming:  France wanted revenge after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. It needed allies to defeat Germany.  The 3 members surrounded Germany (Russia in the East, France and Britain in the West). This will force Germany to ﬁght in a two-front war, if a war ever breaks out. Impacts: 1. War may be escalated The war may be escalated from regional / local / small-scale conﬂicts to a large-scale war, because allies are responsible for helping each other in a war. 2 2. Increase suspicions Germany was suspicious to France after the Triple Entente was formed, because Germany worried France now has the ability to attack her. (法國有足夠能力去攻打德國) All allies are also suspicious to the opposite camp. They are worried they will need to join a war just to help an ally. (各國擔心萬一自己盟友捲入戰爭，自己也有責任加入戰爭，幫助盟友) 3. Intensify armaments race Each country needs to build more armaments, to defend oneself from the enemy and their allies. (各國因爲要防禦敵人，所以必須增加軍備) 3. Colonial competition / economic competition The Great Powers had competition for a long time Colonies are very important because: 1. They provide markets to buy and sell products 2. They provide resources (e.g. raw materials like iron) The Great Powers would ﬁght for their colonies – a colonial conﬂict can be escalated because each Great Power is in an alliance. Triple Entente in effect Colonial competition in example: Moroccan Crisis (1907 and 1911) Moroccan Crisis in 1911: Germany sent a France felt France asked dreadnought to Morocco threatened Britain for help Germany wants revenge Germany backed against France, making war down and lost more likely. face 3 Impacts: 1. Suspicions to other powers The Great Powers worry that conﬂicts will happen in a colony, so they prepare for a colonial war 2. Intensify naval race to prepare for war Protecting / attacking colonies require dreadnoughts, so the naval race becomes intensiﬁed. Britain and Germany compete to build more dreadnoughts against each other. 4. Extreme nationalism Starting a war requires willingness to ﬁght （戰爭心態） Extreme nationalism = desire for territorial expansion. Extreme nationalism caused all other reasons: it encouraged Great Powers to build armaments, make alliances, compete for colonies. EXTREME NATIONALISM Extreme nationalism Extreme nationalism Extreme nationalism encourages building encourages forming encourages colonial armaments. alliances competitions PREPARE FOR WAR 4 List of all extreme nationalisms: Country Name of Extreme nationalism and Objectives desire for revenge against Germany:  Avenge defeat in Franco-Prussian War  Take back Alsace-Lorraine, which was lost to Germany in France Franco-Prussian war. (France engaged in armaments race and created Triple Entente to help her take revenge in a war.) Pan-Germanism  Want more land, unify Germans Germany and  Compete with Britain Austria-Hungary (Germany’s ambitions caused suspicions among Great Powers, especially Britain who was the most powerful country in Europe)  Austria-Hungary wants to expand in the Balkans Pan-Slavism  Want more land, unify Slavs Russia  Compete with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans (Both Austria-Hungary and Russia want lands in the Balkans, so they are enemies) Greater Serbia  Want more land in the Balkans Serbia  Conﬂict with Austria-Hungary  Friendly with Russia (because both Russians and Serbians are Slavs – Slavic people) Splendid Isolation (powerful but isolated)  Focused on ﬁnding, conquering and developing colonies.  Britain was provoked by Germany, so started to compete with Britain Germany. (Britain engaged in armaments race – naval race to compete with Germany to build dreadnoughts. This is to protect herself and the colonies from Germany) 5 2. Sarajevo Incident and start of the First World War: Sarajevo Incident occurred in the Balkans, involving three countries: Austria-Hungary Russia Serbia In the Sarajevo Incident, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian, named Princip. In the aftermath: 1. Austria-Hungary sent an 2. Serbia did not accept all the ultimatum to Serbia demands in the ultimatum 3. Austria-Hungary declares war 5. Serbia asks Russia for help on Serbia and starts ﬁghting 7. Russia accepts, joins Serbia to 6. Russia accepts, joins Serbia to ﬁght with Austria-Hungary ﬁght with Austria-Hungary 8. Austria-Hungary requests 8. Russia asks France for help, Germany for help, Germany France accepts accepts. 8. Germany executes Schlieffen 9. Britain felt threatened when Plan to invade France Belgium got invaded, so she declared war on Germany 6 Alliance system in action (同盟制度運作) at the start of the First World War: ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS 1. Serbia 1. Austria-Hungary 2. Russia 3. Germany 4. France 5. Britain 3. Course of the First World War (1914-1918) 1914  The Great Powers declare war on each other one-by-one.  Germany invades France through Belgium (Schlieffen Plan), Britain felt endangered.  Britain joins WWI to ﬁght against Germany/ 1915  Italy was promised some land by the allies  Italy took the promise, and joined the allies, ﬁghting against Germany and Austria-Hungary 1916 1917  Russia faces communism (communist revolution 共產革命) at home.  Russia makes peace with Germany, and withdrew from WWI.  The US joins WWI on the allied side when Germany asked Mexico to attack the US. 1918  Austria-Hungary and Germany are defeated. 7 List of major allied powers and central powers in the First World War: ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS Serbia Austria-Hungary Russia Germany France Bulgaria (joined in 1915) Britain The Ottoman Empire Italy (joined in 1915) The US (joined in 1917) Japan 8 4. Impact of WWI and Paris Peace Conference a. Huge losses The First World War led to huge losses in terms of economy and manpower. Russia suffered the highest number of deaths out of all European powers. Casualties (傷亡) of all European powers Russia is the country with 3,311,000 casualties 9 b. The Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace Conference was held in 1919 to discuss what to do after the First World War. It dealt with the results (後果) of the First World War. Germany was not invited to the Conference. The Big Three: 3 countries dominated the conference: 1. The United States 2. Britain 3. France Each of the 3 countries were represented by their leader Each of the 3 countries had their own goals (目標) in the Conference. See table next page 10 France Britain The United States Representative: Representative: Representative: Clemenceau Lloyd George Wilson Goals Goals Goals 1. Wanted harsh 1. maintain the balance of 1. proposed the Fourteen punishment on Germany power Points 2. Weaken Germany 2. did not want to see 2. Opposed punishing permanently. Germany weakened too Germany harshly much Most hostile to Germany Moderate Most ideal （對德國最強硬）（温和）（最理想主義） 11 c. Significant results of the First World War SIGNIFICANT POINTS (重點) OF THE First World War Points 1. Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty required Germany to: Disarm Pay reparations Cede some land Accept the war-guilt clause, bearing full responsibility for causing The last term, requiring Germany to bear full responsibility for causing the First World War, was VERY HARSH and UNFAIR. 2. National self-determination National self-determination was proposed in the Conference It refers to creating a government ruled by its own people. This broke up Austria-Hungary, which was divided into many different countries: 1. Austria 2. Hungary 3. Czechoslovakia … 12 3. Collective security (forming the League of Nations) The League of Nations was set up, where countries would take actions together to solve conflicts, to prevent war. 4. Italy’s dissatisfaction （不滿） Italy could not get all the land it was promised by the Allied Powers in 1915. This later led to a desire for revenge against the allied powers by Italy. 5. Rise (崛起) of Japan Japan joined the Allied Powers, and was rewarded with German colonies, such as Shandong. Its diplomatic standing (外交地位) became stronger. 6. Rise of the US The US suffered very little, when compared to the European Powers. Its participation in the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference menat its diplomatic standing became stronger. 7. Communism Russia became the first communist country in the world. It became isolated (被孤立) by other countries because it withdrew from the war early, and other European powers disliked communism. 13 5. 1920-1929 Great Depression, 1929: A global ﬁnancial crisis Except the US, every country was already poor before the Great Depression in 1929 The Great Depression made the economies worse. Britain and France The US Russia (The USSR since 1922) Political and - Won in the First World War - Won in the First World War - Withdrew from WWI in 1917, led to social situation - Poor relationship with Germany - Isolation from European Affairs, to distrust (不信任) among many after WWI, 1919- - Both Britain and France were avoid going to war again. European countries. 1928 members of the League of Nations - Anti-war sentiment - Adopted communism - Anti-war sentiment (反戰情緒) - Did NOT join the League of Nations - Isolated by European powers - Did NOT join the League of Nations Economic - Serious unemployment problems - Because the US joined WWI late, it - Poor situation after - Shortage of resources did not affect the US much - Advantage in manpower and land WWI, - Poverty - The US gained more power because 1919-1928 Britain and France needed to pay back the debts they owed to the US during WWI. Great Depression - Even more poor - Started in the US - Did not affect the USSR at all. 1929 - Even more anti-war sentiment - Suddenly poor - Had to cut military expenses (減軍費) - Isolate herself even further from European affairs. 14 Germany Italy Japan Political and - Signed the Treaty of Versailles - After WWI, Italy did not get all the - Won the First World War social situation Ceded some land (Germany land that she was promised - Took Shandong and Tsingtao in China after WWI, 1919- wants to get them back) Italians are angry - Have colonies and ambitious (有野 1928 Hitler promises to get the Italians supported Mussolini, 心) land back who promised to get all the - Political instability (政治動盪) land back - Hitler vs. Government Became totalitarian in 1923, ruled by Mussolini The ﬁrst totalitarian government among the three Axis Powers in WWII. Economic - Signed the Treaty of Versailles - Average - Richest country in Asia situation after Poverty - Mussolini supported economic self- - Trade with many different countries. WWI, Hyperinﬂation (極度通貨膨脹) sufficiency (經濟上自給自足) 1919-1928 Great Depression - Even more poor - Not affected - Became very poor 1929 - Showed the government was - The military expanded territories incompetent, led to support for because of public support (民衆支 Hitler 持軍隊武力擴張) 15 6. Rise of totalitarianism By 1930s, there were 3 totalitarian countries: - Germany All 3 totalitarian countries would ﬁght in the Second World War as the Axis Powers - Italy - Japan The three totalitarian powers had their own characteristics, but were mostly the same on the surface Characteristics Germany Italy Japan Rule by one political YES YES NO party? Rule by the Nazi Party, led by Hitler Rule by the Fascist Party, led by Rule by the military Mussolini Cult of personality? YES YES YES Worship Hitler Worship Mussolini Worship the Emperor (日本天皇) Support territorial YES YES YES expansion? Expand in Europe Expand in Africa and revive the Roman Expand in Asia (China and Southeast Empire Asia) Secret police to control YES YES YES everyone’s lives? Anti-communist? YES YES YES Racial discrimination? YES NO YES (種族歧視 / 種族仇恨) Nazi Germany believed the Aryan race The Japanese believed they (German race) is superior to all. themselves are the best people to They believed the worst race was the lead all other Asians. Jews (猶太人) 16 7. Appeasement policy Both France and Britain became too weak to oppose the rise of totalitarian countries. They adopted the appeasement policy against the totalitarian countries, to: - prevent war and buy time to re-arm (換取時間去裝備自己) - let Germany keep invading EAST, so that eventually it will ﬁght with the USSR to stop communism. This means giving way (讓步) to totalitarian countries’ demands, to NOT start a war. This led to: - Japan invaded Manchuria in China, in 1931. - Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935. - Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936. - Germany annexed (侵佔) Austria* in “Anschluss” in 1938. - Germany invaded (入侵) the Sudetenland** in Czechoslovakia in 1938. - Germany invaded Czechoslovakia** in 1939. - Germany invaded Poland** in 1939, starting the Second World War. *Austria: a country with many Germans, its language was German. **The Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia and Poland were created when Germany ceded its lands in Treaty of Versailles in 1919. 17 Appeasement Policy: Munich Conference and Munich Agreement The most important person is on the left: British Prime Minister Chamberlain (circled in red) The person in the centre is Hitler (also circled in red) The Munich Conference (慕尼黑會議) was held in 1938, and the Munich Agreement (慕尼黑協定) was signed in the Conference 18 The Munich Conference was held after Germany invaded the Sudetenland in 1938. The Agreement was signed between Britain, France, Germany and Italy. Content of Munich Agreement The Agreement allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland, but made Germany promise it would NOT take the whole Czechoslovakia. Germany later invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939, ignoring this agreement in 1939. Germany and the USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which promised Germany and the USSR would not attack each other. Result: Failure of appeasement policy The appeasement policy failed in TWO ways: - Germany did not stop its aggressions after the Munich Agreement was signed. - Germany and the USSR did not attack each other until 1941 (Britain hoped Germany would ﬁght with the USSR to stop communism) This made Chamberlain lose face because he thought the agreement would stop Germany from invading Czechoslovakia. 19 8. Start of the Second World War and its course Year Signiﬁcant events - Germany invades Poland 1939 - The Second World War starts - France was defeated by Germany 1940 - Battle of Britain begins, Germany began bombing Britain by planes - Germany invades the USSR - Japan attacks the US at Pearl Harbour 1941 - The USSR joins the war against Germany - The US joins the war against Japan, Italy and Germany. 1942 1943 - Italy surrenders (投降) 1944 - The US and Britain invades France to attack Germany on land. - Germany surrenders 1945 - Two atomic bombs dropped on Japan: one in Hiroshima, one in Nagasaki. - Japan surrenders List of major powers in the Second World War Allied Powers Axis Powers Britain Germany France Italy The USSR (joined in 1941) Japan The US (joined in 1941) END OF FIRST TERM EXAM REVISION NOTES 20

F3 History 1st Term Exam Notes PDF

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