Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications PDF

Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 2 Perception, Personality, and Emotions Copyright ©...

Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 2 Perception, Personality, and Emotions Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-1 Learning Outcomes 1. Define perception and explain the factors that influence it. 2. Explain attribution theory and three determinants of attribution. 3. Describe personality, the way it is measured, and the factors that shape it. 4. Describe the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality framework and its strengths and weaknesses. 5. Identify the key traits in the Big Five Personality Model and determine how it can be used to predict behaviour at work. 6. Differentiate between emotions and moods. 7. Explain the impact of emotional labour on employees. 8. Contrast the evidence for and against the existence of emotional intelligence. 9. Identify strategies for emotion regulation and their likely effects. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-2 Perceptions Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-3 Perception What is perception? The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment. Why is it important? – Because behaviour is based on perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. – The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-4 Perception – Factors That Influence Perception Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-5 Perceptual Errors Attribution Stereotyping Theory Selective Heuristics Perception Contrast Halo Effect Effects Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-6 Perceptual Errors Attribution Theory - when we observe what seems like atypical behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. We rely on three rules about the behaviour: – Distinctiveness ▪ person acts similarly across a variety of situations. – Consensus ▪ everyone faced with a similar situation responds in the same way. – Consistency ▪ person acts in the same way over time. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-7 Perceptual Errors Selective Perception – selective interpretation of what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes. Halo Effect – drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Contrast Effects – our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered. Stereotyping – judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs. Heuristics – Judgment shortcuts in decision making. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-8 Perceptual Errors – How Attributions Get Distorted Fundamental Attribution Error – underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others Self-Serving Bias – attributes their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-9 Personality Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 10 Personality What is Personality? Personality – The stable patterns of behaviour and consistent internal states that determine how an individual reacts and interacts with others. Measuring Personality – Research indicates that personality tests are useful in hiring decisions. – Scores on personality tests help managers forecast who is the best fit for a job. – Methods: Self-report surveys & Observer ratings Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 11 Personality Personality Determinants – Heredity – Environmental factors – Situational conditions Personality Traits – Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour. ▪ The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) ▪ The Big Five Personality Model Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 12 MBTI Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types. – Personality test to determine how people usually act or feel in particular situations. MBTI Classifications: – Extroverted (E) or Introverted (I) – Sensing (S) or Intuitive (N) – Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) – Perceiving (P) or Judging (J) Combined to form 16 personality types, for example: ▪ INTJ * ESTJ * ENTP Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 13 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 14 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 15 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 16 Exhibit 2.4 Big Five Model - Personality Traits Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 17 The Dark Triad Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 18 Negative Traits Machiavellianism maintains emotional distance, and justifies actions. – manipulates and wins more – are persuaded less, but persuade others more Narcissism is arrogance, a grandiose sense of self- importance, excessive admiration, and sense of entitlement. Psychopathy is a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when one’s actions cause harm. – Use hard influence tactics (threats, manipulation) and bullying – Cunning, which helps them gain power toward unhealthy ends. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 19 Other Personality Attributes That Influence OB Core Self-Evaluation is bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person. Self-Monitoring is a personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external, situational factors leading to be more aware, flexible, mobile and centered. Proactive personality is a person who identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. Situation strength theory is the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 20 Emotions Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 21 Exhibit 2.7 What are Affect, Emotions, and Moods? Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 22 Emotions Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to detect and to manage emotional cues and information – refers to an individual’s ability to: Exhibit 2.8 A Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 23 Why Should We Care About Emotions in the Workplace? Negative emotions can lead to negative workplace behaviours called employee deviance: – Production (leaving early, intentionally working slowly) – Property (stealing, sabotage) – Political (gossiping, blaming co-workers) – Personal aggression (sexual harassment, verbal abuse) Emotional Regulation – To identify and modify the emotions you feel. – Emotion management ability is a strong predictor of task performance and organizational citizenship behaviours. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 24 Summary (1 of 2) 1. Perception is the process by which we organize and interpret impressions to give meaning to our environment. 2. Attribution theory tries to explain the different ways that we judge people, based on the meaning we attribute to a given behaviour. 3. Personality is the sum of the ways that an individual reacts to and interacts with others. 4. The MBTI personality test taps into four characteristics and classifies people as belonging to 1 of 16 personality types. 5. The Big Five Personality Model proposes that five basic personality dimensions underlie all others and that these dimensions encompass most of the significant variation Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 25 in human personality. Summary (2 of 2) 6. Emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something; moods are less intense feelings and often arise without a specific event acting as a stimulus. 7. Emotional labour is an employee’s expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work. 8. Emotional intelligence represents a person’s ability to (1) perceive emotions in the self and others, (2) understand the meaning of these emotions, and (3) regulate one’s own emotions accordingly in a cascading model. 9. Emotion regulation is a technique used to identify and modify the emotions you feel. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 26 For Review 1. What is perception? What factors influence our perception? 2. What is attribution theory? What are the three determinants of attribution? What are the implications of attribution theory for explaining organizational behaviour? 3. What is personality? How do we typically measure it? What factors determine personality? 4. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? What are its strengths and weaknesses? 5. What are traits are in the Big Five Personality model? How do the Big Five personality traits predict behaviour at work? 6. What is the difference between emotions and moods? 7. What impact does emotional labour have on employees? 8. What is the evidence for and against the existence of emotional intelligence? 9. What are some strategies for emotion regulation and their likely effects? Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 27 Exercises 1. First identify 3-5 key personal values. Think back to your perception of this course and your instructor on the first day of class. What factors might have affected your perceptions of what the rest of the term would be like? 2. Describe a situation where your perception turned out to be wrong. What perceptual errors did you make that might have caused this to happen? 3. Take an online MBTI test to see if it reflects you. Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 28