Elements & Principles of Art PDF

Elements & Principles of Art ACTIVITY Draw a tree but with different methods: a. Draw using your non-dominant hand. b. Draw a tree using squares. c. Draw a tree using continuous lines. Elements & Principles of Art  are the ways in which Elem...

Elements & Principles of Art ACTIVITY Draw a tree but with different methods: a. Draw using your non-dominant hand. b. Draw a tree using squares. c. Draw a tree using continuous lines. Elements & Principles of Art  are the ways in which Elements of Art: those parts are are the physical parts of arranged. the work. These include: These include: unity / variety, balance, line, shape, form, space, contrast, emphasis, texture, value, color, and movement, rhythm, and time. pattern Principles of Art: Elements of Art The physical parts with which of the work is built. Line  Shape Form Space Texture Value Color Intensity Elements of Art: Line A line is an infinite series of points that are arranged in a direction. The direction of a line may be straight (unchanging) or curved (changing). Elements of Art: Line Here, you see the official calligraphic  signature of Ottoman Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520–66). Arabic calligraphy is renowned for lyrical lines and expressive beauty. Insignia of Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper ca. 1555–60 Source: Met Museum License: CC0 1.0  HORIZONTAL LINE – is primarily the line of rest and quietness, relaxation, contemplation. VERTICAL LINE – pointed, balanced, forceful and dynamic. DIAGONAL – the line of action. The degree of action is shown in the angle of diagonal. CURVE LINES – show Insignia of Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper ca. 1555–60 action and life and Source: Met Museum License: CC0 1.0 energy; they are Elements of Art: Line never harsh and stern.  There are two functions of line in writing: 1. Linear figure or shape of a written symbol denotes its meaning. 2. Manner in which Insignia of Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent Ink, opaque watercolor, and the figure is created gold on paper ca. 1555–60 Source: Met Museum can be seen as License: CC0 1.0 Elements of Art: Line expressive. Elements of Art: Line Contour lines define the edges of objects, or where differing areas meet. In his charcoal drawing of Lilly Steiner, Egon Schiele utilizes contour lines to create a remarkably lifelike and animated portrait. Egon Schiele Lilly Steine Charcoal on paper 1918  Source: Met Museum License: CC0 1.0 Implied lines are a series of points that are connected by the viewer’s eye. Notice how the actual vertical lines below are connected by the viewer’s eye, showing the edge of the form, or the implied line. Can you read it?  Author: Marie Porterfield Barry, Source: Original Work, License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Implied lines are useful to the artist for communicating meaning.  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain How do the implied lines in Géricault’s The Raft of the Medusa direct the viewer’s eye?  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain How do the implied lines in Géricault’s The Raft of the Medusa direct the viewer’s eye?  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain When looking at the painting, the viewer’s eye follows the reaching hands of the figures up to the peak where a man waves a red piece of fabric.  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain What do you think is happening in this painting?  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain The painting illustrates the aftermath of the 1810 wreck of the French ship Méduse. Due to a shortage of life boats, over 150 of the nearly 400 French passengers on the wrecked ship were abandoned at sea on a hastily constructed raft off the Western coast of Africa.  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain The horrific events aboard the raft during 13 days adrift at sea were described in a widely read narrative written by two of the 15 survivors. Contemporary viewers would have known the true story of tragedy which the painting depicts.  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain The implied lines within the painting lead the eye of the viewer upward from the death and despair in the lower section of the canvas toward the top of a pyramid of figures who wave fabric toward the horizon, hoping to catch the attention of a passing vessel.  Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa. Oil on canvas, 1818–19. Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain  Théodore Géricault The Raft of the Medusa Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Shape A shape is an area of two dimensional space. A shape has two dimensions: length and width. Elements of Art: Shape Shapes exist in a two-dimensional space. They can be regular or irregular, simple or complex,  geometric or organic. In Kandinsky’s Several Circles, the artist utilizes the repeating geometric shape of the circle in various sizes and Vassily Kandinsky colors. Several Circles Oil on Canvas, 1926. Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Geometric Shapes are octagons. shapes with Organic Shapes are mathematically regular irregular, asymmetrical, contours, like circles, and often found in rectangles, and nature. Author: Marie Porterfield Barry, Source: Original Work, License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Elements of Art: Shape Shapes may also be implied.  Renaissance artists, like Raphael, often utilize implied shape to create stability and harmony within the composition. Raphael Madonna of the Meadow Oil on Wood, 1506. Author: Google Art Project, Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Shape Notice Raphael’s careful decision to  let the Madonna’s pale foot peak out from beneath her robe, emphasizing the stable triangular composition of figures. Raphael Madonna of the Meadow Oil on Wood, 1506. Author: Google Art Project, Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Form Form, or mass, is the three-dimensional element of art and has volume (length,  width, and height). Like shape, form can be geometric (cubes, cylinders, spheres) or organic. Plaster and String, 1951. Author: Steven Zucker, Source: Flickr, License: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Modern sculptors like Henry Moore explore positive and negative space within forms. The positive space is the space occupied by a given volume. So here, you see the positive space as the white plaster form. The negative space is the empty space within that volume. In Moore’s sculptures, negative space adds interest Henry Moore and variety to the abstracted forms. Reclining Figure Elements of Art: Space Space in art refers to the area around, between, and within shapes or forms. Works of art have both positive and negative space. The illusion of space can be created in two-dimensional works of art using a variety of techniques. Sculptural works exist in space and also have positive and negative space. Elements of Art: Space Space is the area where the other elements can interact. Two types: 1. Positive space 2. negative space. Double negative space refers to a blank space used as negative space. Example: a field of color or pigment. Elements of Art: Space In 2-dimensional works of art, the positive space is called the figure while the negative space is called the ground. Vincent van Gogh Irises Oil on canvas, 1890. Author: Google Art Project Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Space In Irises by Vincent van Gogh, the irises and the vase are the figure, while the brilliant yellow that surrounds them is the ground.  Look closely between the petals and the leaves and you will see moments in which the vibrant negative space peaks through. Vincent van Gogh Irises Oil on canvas, 1890. Author: Google Art Project Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Space The illusion of space can be created in a two dimensional work of art using a variety of methods, including overlapping, size, placement, and shading, as well as both linear and atmospheric perspective. Photograph of marbles demonstrating the illusion of space in the picture plane Author: James Petts Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 2.0 OVERLAPPING SIZE Elements of Art: Space OVERLAPPING: The object that is closest will overlap  and obscure objects that higher in the picture plane are further back in space. appear to be further away. SIZE: Larger objects SHADING: Light and appear to be closer while shadow create the illusion smaller objects appear to be in the distance. PLACEMENT: Objects License: CC BY-SA 3.0 PLACEMENT SHADING Overlapping, Size, Placement of form and three Author: Marie Porterfield Shading, Author: Martin Kraus dimensionality. Barry Source: Original Work Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Elements of Art: Space Linear Perspective: Atmospheric Perspective: geometrically constructed illusion of the the use of color to simulate the illusion of recession of space. space.  Author: BinaryString, Source: Wikimedia Commons, Source: Met Museum, License: CC0 1.0 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Elements of Art: Space Linear Perspective is a geometrically constructed illusion of the recession of space.  Linear perspective uses a vanishing point and horizon line. The vanishing point is the spot where all receding lines seem to converge on the horizon line. Example of One-Point Linear Perspective Author: Maura Valentino Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY 4.0 Elements of Art: Space Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper balanced composition but also to Tempera and oil on plaster 1498 Author: BinaryString lead the viewer’s eyes directly to Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 4.0 the most important figure in the In his Last Supper, Leonardo da composition. Vinci utilizes linear perspective to both create a harmonious and Elements of Art: Space Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper balanced composition but also to Tempera and oil on plaster 1498 Author: BinaryString lead the viewer’s eyes directly to Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 4.0 the most important figure in the In his Last Supper, Leonardo da composition. Vinci utilizes linear perspective to both create a harmonious and Elements of Art: Space Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper one-point perspective, as Tempera and oil on plaster 1498 Author: BinaryString all parts recede toward a Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 4.0 This type of linear single vanishing point. perspective is called Elements of Art: Space Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper all parts recede toward a Tempera and oil on plaster 1498 Author: BinaryString single vanishing point. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 4.0 This type of linear perspective is called one-point perspective, as  Elements of Art: Space Foreshortening is a method for rendering a figure or object in perspective. Mantegna’s Lamentation of Christ shows the foreshortened figure of Christ. The foreshortening gives the viewer a sense of kneeling at the foot of the Andrew Mantegna Lamentation of Christ figure and looking up toward Tempera on Canvas, 1480. Author: Pinacoteca di Brera Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain the scene of the Lamentation. Elements of Art: Space Albert Bierstadt The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak Oil on canvas, 1863. and focus. Source: Met Museum License: CC0 1.0 As objects recede into the distance, Atmospheric perspective produces they become paler, hazier, and the illusion of space and distance bluer in color. within the picture plane using color Elements of Art: Space Albert Bierstadt dramatic atmospheric The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak Oil on canvas, 1863. Source: Met Museum License: CC0 1.0 perspective. As the landscape Bierstadt creates the illusion of recedes, it deep space in his painting of becomes hazy, pale, and blue. the American West by using Elements of Art: Space Albert Bierstadt The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak Oil on canvas, 1863. between the foreground, middle Source: Met Museum ground, and background. The License: CC0 1.0 three areas of space each take up The illusion of depth of space is approximately one third of the heightened by the dramatic picture plane. differences in color and light Background Middle ground Foreground The foreground of the painting shows a Albert Bierstadt The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak Oil on canvas, 1863. settlement drenched in soft golden light. Source: Met Museum The middle ground shows a dramatically License: CC0 1.0 Elements of Art: Space lit area of craggy mountains with a cascading waterfall. The background is a series of hazy, blue mountains which softly fade into blue sky. Elements of Art: Texture Texture is the tactile quality of a surface. Elements of Art: Texture Actual texture is the condition Simulated texture is the in which texture is created, not visual representation, or represented. Actual texture is illusion, of a tactile surface, common in sculpture but also and is common in 2- can exist in impasto paintings. dimensional works of art. Author: Mélisande*, Source: Google Art Project License: Public Domain Source: Flickr, License: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Elements of Art: Texture Meret Oppenheim two-dimensional works of art, such as in Object Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon, 1936. Author: Mélisande*, impasto paintings, in which paint has been Source: Flickr, License: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 thickly applied to the surface. Actual texture is intrinsic to sculptural works of art, but is also present in some Elements of Art: Texture Meret Oppenheim Object. The beauty of the gazelle fur both Object Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon, 1936. Author: Mélisande*, attracts and repels the viewer while also Source: Flickr, License: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 rendering the object useless. Actual texture is important in Meret Oppenheim’s Surrealist teacup, entitled Elements of Art: Texture Simulated texture is the visual representation, or illusion, of a tactile surface. Albrecht Dürer Young Hare Watercolor and gouache, 1502. Author: Google Art Project Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Texture  Albrecht Dürer masterfully captures the texture of the fur of this hare as well as the smooth reflective surface of the eye. The simulated textures in the painting solidify the remarkably lifelike image of the hare. Albrecht Dürer Young Hare Watercolor and gouache, 1502. Author: Google Art Project Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Value Value refers to the lightness or darkness within a work of art. Value both defines form and creates the illusion of light. Elements of Art: Value In Käthe Kollwitz’s Woman with Dead Child, notice the way in which the artist has utilized value to create a strong light source in the etching. The light seems to pour down from the upper left corner, illuminating the face of the child as well as casting bright spots on the knees and forehead of the mother.  The value creates a sense of solidity in the forms. Käthe Kollwitz, Woman with Dead Child. Etching, 1903. Author: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Value Value may also be used to emphasize emotive qualities within works of art. As the mother cradles the body of her child, the light source falls directly on the head of the child, whose pallid face seems to glow. The darkest values within the etching are in the hair  of the mother and beneath the body of the child, creating deep spaces that seem to express her grief, loss, and emptiness. Käthe Kollwitz, Woman with Dead Child. Etching, 1903. Author: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Color is the sensation caused by differing qualities of light.  Elements of Art: Color The perception of color occurs when light interacts with the human eye and is interpreted by the brain. Objects appear a certain color because either they are luminous and omit a certain wavelength of light or they reflect certain wavelengths of light into the eye. Different wavelengths of light appear different colors. When the light enters the human eye and strikes the photoreceptors, signals are sent to Rainbow produced as light travels through prism Author: D-Kuru the brain and color is perceived. Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0 AT Elements of Art: Color  When the white light of the sun passes through a prism, it is refracted into the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Rainbow produced as light travels through prism Author: D-Kuru Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0 AT Elements of Art: Color  Color has three main properties: 1. Hue 2. Value 3. Saturation Graphic demonstrating hue, saturation, and value Author: SharkD Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Elements of Art: Color  Hue is the wavelength of the color, described by the color name. For example, cobalt, sky blue, navy, and slate blue all share the same hue, which is blue. They differ in value and saturation. Graphic demonstrating hue, saturation, and value Author: SharkD Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0  Elements of Art: Color Saturation is the purity of the color, ranging from neutral gray to the pure color. Graphic demonstrating hue, saturation, and value Author: SharkD Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Elements of Art: Color  Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. Graphic demonstrating hue, saturation, and value Author: SharkD Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Elements of Art: Color The artist’s pigment wheel, which is commonly used by painters, is based on the colors that are seen after white light travels through a prism: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color The artist’s pigment wheel allows artists to understand the interactions of color. It is based on the concept that all colors can be mixed from the three primary colors: red, blue, and yellow. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color The three primary colors are red, blue, and yellow. By mixing these together, one finds the secondary colors: Green (blue + yellow), Violet (blue + red), and Orange (red + yellow). Tertiary colors are those that fall between a primary and secondary, such as red-violet, and blue-green. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain  Elements of Art: Color The pigment wheel is a subtractive color system. If you mix the three primary colors together, the result is black, which is the absence of light. Hence, the more you mix colors together using this system, the more light and color is subtracted. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons  License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Industrial printing uses a subtractive color mixing system with the primaries of cyan, magenta, and yellow, plus black. CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black) Color Separation Author: Arz Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain  Elements of Art: Color Additive color systems are used when colored light (as opposed to pigment) is mixed, such as on computer monitors and television screens. The primaries for additive color are red, blue, and green. When red, blue, and green light all overlap, they produce white light. Example of additive color mixing Author: Bb3cxv Source: Wikimedia Commons License: CC BY-SA 3.0  Elements of Art: Color Colors also have temperature. Warm colors include yellow, orange, and red. Cool colors are blue, green, and violet. Warm colors tend to advance, while cool colors recede. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names  Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Author: Google Art Project, Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Notice how effectively warm and cool colors are utilized by Turner is this painting of the burning of the Houses of Parliament in London. The fire, which broke out one evening in October 1834, was witnessed by thousands of onlookers including the artist himself. Turner’s color palette beautifully captures the chilliness of an October evening and the heat of the massive J.M.W. Turner Burning of the Houses of Parliament fire burning across the River Thames. Watercolor and gouache on paper, 1834-5. Elements of Art: Color  Turner uses a complementary color scheme in this painting. Complementary color schemes are vibrant and dramatic as they place side-by-side colors which are opposite each other on the color wheel. J.M.W. Turner Burning of the Houses of Parliament Watercolor and gouache on paper, 1834-5. Author: Google Art Project, Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain  Elements of Art: Color Complementary colors appear opposite to one another on the color wheel. When placed side by side, they enhance the vibrancy of one another. When mixed together, they neutralize one another and work beautifully for blending neutral grays. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Complementary colors include: Blue – Orange Red – Green Yellow – Violet As well as, for example, red-violet and yellow-green. Author: MalteAhrens Edited from original to include color names Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color The dominant colors in this painting are the complements of blue and orange. Traces of another complementary set, violet and yellow, are present as well. J.M.W. Turner Burning of the Houses of Parliament Watercolor and gouache on paper, 1834-5. Author: Google Art Project, Source: Wikimedia Commons, License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Commonly used color schemes include: complementary, monochromatic, and analogous. Pablo Picasso The Old Guitarist Oil on panel, 1903. Source: Wikipedia License: Public Domain (US) Elements of Art: Color Monochromatic color schemes use variations of a single color. Picasso’s The Old Guitarist was painted during the artist’s “Blue Period” and is an example of a largely monochromatic color scheme. Picasso uses the monochromatic blue here to increase the sense of coldness, loneliness, and isolation of the figure depicted. Pablo Picasso The Old Guitarist Oil on panel, 1903. Source: Wikipedia License: Public Domain (US) Elements of Art: Color Analogous color schemes use colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel. Vincent van Gogh Sunflowers Oil on Canvas, 1888. Author: The National Gallery, London Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Color Van Gogh uses Green, yellow-green, yellow, and yellow-orange in this analogous color scheme. Vincent van Gogh Sunflowers Oil on Canvas, 1888.  Author: The National Gallery, London Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Elements of Art: Intensity Intensity is sometimes called chroma or saturation and it comprises the degree of purity of a hue. This is understood as the brightness or dullness of a color. Elements of Art: Time Time is the use of change as an element of art, important in performance art, kinetic art, and video.