Gas Exchange in Animals: describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and pleural membranes; un... Gas Exchange in Animals: describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and pleural membranes; understand the role of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm in ventilation; explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries; understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease; practical: investigate breathing in humans, including the release of carbon dioxide and the effect of exercise. Transport in Plants: describe the role of phloem in transporting sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant; describe the role of xylem in transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to other parts of the plant; understand how water is absorbed by root hair cells; understand that transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of a plant; understand how the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in humidity, wind speed, temperature, and light intensity; practical: investigate the role of environmental factors. Excretion: know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys, and skin (organs of excretion); understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation; describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct; describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate; understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct; understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule; describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood; understand that urine contains water, urea, and ions. Coordination and Response: understand that plants respond to stimuli; describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stems in plants; understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stems of plants; understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves in humans; understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses in humans. Read more