Academic Literacy
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Questions and Answers

Match the levels of the Affective Domain with their corresponding actions:

Receiving = Paying attention and showing tolerance Responding = Actively participating in activities Valuing = Accepting and supporting values or beliefs Organization = Developing or acquiring a new value system

Match each learning principle with its description:

Learner Motivation = The individual's drive and willingness to engage in the learning process. Guidance and Satisfaction = Support and positive reinforcement that enhances the learning experience. Active Learning = Using techniques that encourage participation during the learning process. Knowledge Bridge = Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Match each term related to skilled performance with its description:

Articulation = Performing a sequence with skilled movements Naturalisation = Performing multifaceted tasks automatically with ease Complex overt response = Performing a multifaceted task without assistance Affective Domain = Feeling, heart

Match the learning theory with a description:

<p>Effective Learning = Requires motivation, guidance and satisfaction. Active Learning Techniques = Encourage participation, rather than passive methods. Absorption and Reinforcement = Allows correct behaviour when time is allowed for absorption of learning. Left and Right Brain = Understanding the function of each side of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the action verb with the feeling associated with it:

<p>Show tolerance = Receiving Rely or Comply = Responding Support or Participate = Valuing Practice or Change outlook = Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each concept with its application:

<p>Time for absorption = Learning can occur in relatively short periods. Build Knowledge = A learner can build from known to unknown - building knowledge bridges. Active learning = A learner can use appropriate active learning techniques, rather than passive methods. Learning = Only the learner can learn, the trainer facilitates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function with the correct body part:

<p>Brain left side = Controls paralysis in the right of the body. Effective learning = Can take place if a learner is motivated. Trainer = Facilitates learning for students. Right Brain = Controls paralysis in the left side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with the correct word, phrase or sentence:

<p>Introduction = The trainer facilitates the learners, as only they can learn themselves. Learner satisfaction = Learner has guidance and must get satisfaction from learning Known to Unknown = Building knowledge bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain hemisphere with its associated cognitive function during problem-solving, according to the text:

<p>Left Hemisphere = Pragmatically evaluates to determine which solutions are applicable. Right Hemisphere = Persuades others by sharing ideas and enthusiasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cognitive activity with the brain hemisphere primarily responsible for it, according to the text:

<p>Logic = Left Hemisphere Rhythm = Right Hemisphere Analysis = Left Hemisphere Imagination = Right Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with the brain hemisphere that would be most active:

<p>Solving a complex math equation = Left Hemisphere Composing a new melody = Right Hemisphere Writing a detailed report = Left Hemisphere Visualizing a new product design = Right Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the problem-solving stage with the type of thinking most suited to it:

<p>Initial problem definition = Analytical Thinking Generating solution ideas = Creative Thinking Evaluating potential solutions = Analytical Thinking Communicating the chosen solution = Creative Thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the activity with the type of brain stimulation it primarily encourages:

<p>Engaging in a debate = Left-Brain Stimulation Meditating = Right-Brain Stimulation Creating a budget = Left-Brain Stimulation Daydreaming = Right-Brain Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the task with the cognitive skill it primarily relies on:

<p>Creating a detailed project timeline = Analytical Skills Brainstorming innovative marketing strategies = Creative Skills Conducting a financial audit = Analytical Skills Designing a user-friendly interface = Creative Skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with the brain hemisphere likely to be most engaged:

<p>Writing a computer program = Left Hemisphere Painting a landscape = Right Hemisphere Proofreading a document = Left Hemisphere Improvising a musical piece = Right Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with the hemisphere that could have a breakthrough:

<p>Having a sudden insight while jogging = Right Hemisphere Formulating winning lottery numbers = Left Hemisphere Waking up with an understanding on how to resolve conflict = Right Hemisphere Arranging the most logical route to travel to work = Left Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the note-taking action with its corresponding benefit during lectures:

<p>Writing on the board = Highlights important information Repetition by the lecturer = Indicates key concepts Emphasis through voice change = Signals significant points Summaries at the end of a lecture = Provides a structured overview</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the note-taking format element with its purpose:

<p>Lecturer's name/initials = Provides context for the notes Date on the page = Chronological organization Page number = Facilitates sorting and organization Wide margin = Space for additional comments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the action to improve understanding with strategies for effective note-taking:

<p>Listen = Focus on the lecture content Think = Process information before writing Write = Record key points efficiently Evaluate = Select crucial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the resource with the type of assistance it provides when you are struggling with coursework:

<p>Fellow students = Immediate clarification Lecturer = In-depth explanations Counsellor = Personal and emotional support Books = Alternative viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organizational method with its cognitive benefit:

<p>Structured notes = Improved information absorption Categorized information = Easier pattern recognition Diagrams and mind maps = Visual representation of concepts Summaries = Concise review of key ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cue from the lectures with the purpose it serves for note-taking:

<p>Time spent on a section = Highlights section importance Number of examples given = Clarifies complex concepts Word signals used = Indicates important topic shifts Reviews at the beginning of a lecture = Recaps main ideas from previous session</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the note-taking strategy with the reason it is effective:

<p>Skipping lines = Allows space to add info later Using key words = Quickly captures the main topic Diagrams and mind maps = Visually organizes relationships Wide margins = Adds personal thoughts without clutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the lecture element with its effect on comprehension and learning:

<p>Clear subheadings = Organizes lecture content Bold headings = Highlights key concepts Summaries = Reinforces learning Examples = Aids understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the teaching strategy with its description:

<p>Printed notes or handouts = Provides students with a physical copy of key information, reducing the need to write everything down during lectures. PowerPoint presentation notes = Offers a visual aid summarizing main points, often available online for later review. Individual or group projects = Engages students in active learning and applying knowledge to solve problems independently or collaboratively. Oral presentations = Develops students' communication skills and deepens their understanding of the material through research and presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responsibilities with the appropriate role:

<p>Lecturer = Providing assignments and tests to motivate student learning. Student = Actively interacting with learning material and taking additional notes. Class Representative = Representing a group of students to discuss concerns with the lecturer. Librarian = Keeping books aside for students to consult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the note-taking action with its benefit:

<p>Listening mostly during lectures = Focuses on understanding the core concepts being explained. Writing down key words, headings, and definitions = Captures essential information in a concise and structured manner. Asking for references = Enables further exploration of the topic through additional resources. Adapting note-taking style = Ensures that notes are useful to their creator based on the lecture styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with the best course of action:

<p>Struggling with the workload early in the semester = Make an appointment to discuss your work with your lecturer. Many students in the class are facing the same difficulty = Speak to your class representative about the matter. Lecturer speaks with a fascinating style = Listen mostly, and write down keywords, headings, sub-headings, and definitions. Lecturer doesn't provide references = Ask for references to follow-up with information in the library.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following study skills with their descriptions:

<p>Textbook interaction = Engaging with reading material by summarizing main topics and taking notes. Additional note taking = Capture points not clearly covered in the learning materials. Active participation = Benefit maximally from lectures. Extra information collection = Extending understanding by gathering relevant material from the library and textbooks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the lecturer's action with the most likely goal:

<p>Providing printed notes = Support learning, and reduce the need to write everything down during lectures. Making notes available in the library = Allow access to learning materials for any students. Individual/Group Projects = Promote application of content. Arranging oral presentation by students = Promote communication skills regarding subject material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the note-taking action with the resource it uses:

<p>Writing down definitions = Utilize verbal lecture. Asking for references = Plan to follow-up the information in the library, and other resources. Adapting note-taking style = Adapt teaching styles from lecturer. Taking textbook notes = Utilize textbook structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with the related detail:

<p>Adapting note-taking = Making notes according to the subject and lecturer's style. Active participation = Gain maximum benefit from lectures. Textbook notes = Engaging with reading material by summarizing main topics. Lecturer evaluation = Assess the capabilities of each learner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each learning style with its preferred learning method:

<p>Accommodator = Participating in simulation exercises or group discussions led by an expert Diverger = Lectures in which the instructor relies heavily on examples rather than abstract theories Converger = Training techniques such as computer simulations or case analysis Assimilator = Lectures or videos that focus on theoretical presentations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning style to the dimensions that define it:

<p>Accommodator = Concrete and Active Diverger = Concrete and Passive Converger = Abstract and Active Assimilator = Abstract and Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning style with its approach to problem-solving:

<p>Accommodator = Relies on intuition and trial and error Diverger = Tackles problems from many perspectives Converger = Prefers technical tasks and solutions Assimilator = Values logic and factual data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each learning style with its strength:

<p>Accommodator = Hands-on learning Diverger = Generating ideas and brainstorming Converger = Applying theories to practical situations Assimilator = Creating models and theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each learning style's preference for learning environments:

<p>Accommodator = New experiences and real-world scenarios Diverger = Observing situations and reflecting on experiences Converger = Doing - actively involving themselves in projects Assimilator = Impersonal settings directed by experts on theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning style to how well they do with abstract concepts:

<p>Accommodator = Do not perform well with abstract theory Diverger = Uses examples rather than abstract theories Converger = Abstract and active experimentation Assimilator = Rely on abstract conceptualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning style with associated learning activity:

<p>Accommodator = Participating Diverger = Reflecting Converger = Experimenting Assimilator = Observing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic to the learning style:

<p>Accommodator = Hands-on Diverger = Open-minded Converger = Thinker and doer Assimilator = Values Logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each brainstorming guideline with its purpose:

<p>Keep the group size manageable (6-8 people) = Encourages more active participation from each member. Allocate a fixed time for the session = Helps the mind focus and work efficiently under pressure. Appoint a positive and objective leader = Maintains structure, encourages participation, and prevents dominance. Set clear criteria for the solution = Provides a focused direction and measurable goals for the session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each brainstorming principle with its effect:

<p>Defer Judgment = Promotes a freer flow of ideas by reducing fear of criticism. Build on Others' Ideas = Enhances ideas by combining and modifying them collaboratively. Encourage Wild Ideas = Unlocks creative potential and leads to innovative solutions. Stay Focused on the Topic = Ensures that the brainstorming session remains productive and relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each role in a brainstorming session with its main responsibility:

<p>Leader = Facilitate the session, ensuring rules are followed and participation is encouraged. Note-taker = Record all ideas generated during the session. Participant = Contribute ideas, build upon others' suggestions, and stay focused on the topic. Observer (optional) = Analyze group dynamics and provide feedback on the brainstorming process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each technique with the stage of brainstorming it best suits:

<p>Idea Generation = Use free association to generate as many ideas as possible. Idea Incubation = Allow time between sessions for ideas to develop further. Idea Evaluation = Objectively assess each idea based on set criteria. Idea Selection = Prioritize the most promising ideas for implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of brainstorming with its description:

<p>Structured Brainstorming = Participants contribute in a pre-defined order. Unstructured Brainstorming = Participants freely contribute ideas as they come to mind. Nominal Group Technique = Individuals generate ideas silently before sharing as a group. Reverse Brainstorming = Identify potential problems or negative consequences and find solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each benefit with the corresponding phase of group brainstorming:

<p>Diverse Ideas = Generation of varied solutions from different perspectives and experiences. Synergy = Individuals modify eachother's ideas. Buy-In = Committed members feel part of the final solution. Enhanced Understanding = Facilitation of new solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brainstorming strategy with its focus:

<p>Quantity = Focus on generating the most amount of ideas. Building = Focus on piggybacking on other ideas. Inclusivity = Focus on involving all participants. Visuals = Focus on creating diagrams and charts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Learning Modes

Preferred methods for optimal learning, shaped by abilities, experience, and objectives.

Learning Dimensions

Concrete vs. Abstract and Active vs. Passive.

Accommodator

Hands-on learner relying on intuition and trial and error.

Diverger

They tackle a problem from many perspectives, learning well through examples.

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Converger

A thinker and doer who prefers things over people.

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Assimilator

Learner who observes and thinks about abstract concepts.

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Active Experimentation

Learning by doing and actively participating in projects.

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Reflective Observation

Observing and reflecting on experiences to understand them.

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Articulation

A sequence of movements performed with skill.

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Naturalisation

Performing multifaceted tasks automatically with limited exertion.

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Receiving (Affective Domain)

Paying attention, it is the first level of the affective domain.

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Responding (Affective Domain)

Actively participating, showing willingness to engage.

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Valuing (Affective Domain)

Accepting values or beliefs and showing support.

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Organization (Affective Domain)

Acquiring a new value system.

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Characterisation (Affective Domain)

Adopting a new way of life.

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Learner vs. Trainer

The trainer only guides the learner.

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Left Brain Functions

Handles analytical tasks like logic, lists, words, numbers and sequences.

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Right Brain Functions

Handles creative tasks like rhythm, colour, imagination, daydreaming, spatial awareness and music

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Brain Specialization Limitations

Training one side of the brain exclusively can limit the use of the other side.

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Benefits of Whole Brain Integration

Stimulating the weaker side of the brain and encouraging it to cooperate with the stronger side greatly increases overall ability and effectiveness.

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Whole Brain Problem Solving

Using both hemispheres of the brain to solve problems.

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Left Brain in Problem Solving

Logically defines the problem, pragmatically evaluates solutions, prepares strategic plans.

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Right Brain in Problem Solving

Generates creative possibilities, alternative solutions and persuades through enthusiasm.

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Incubation in Problem Solving

The answer 'pops' into your head when released from left-brain control.

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Teaching Strategies

Strategies such as printed notes, library resources, PowerPoint notes, chalkboard notes, and group projects.

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Lecturer Expectations

Lecturers assess each student's potential and expect progress based on individual capacity, regardless of peer performance.

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Student Responsibility

At the tertiary level, the student has most of the responsibility for their learning.

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Active Learning

Engaging actively with learning material and taking extra notes enhance understanding.

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Class Participation

Participating in discussions and focused note-taking keeps you engaged and prevents distraction.

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Class Representative

Speak to your class representative about the matter, who can then represent your group and speak to the lecturer.

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Adaptable Note-Taking

Adjust note-taking based on the subject and lecturer's style.

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Effective Note-Taking

Prioritize listening and recording keywords, headings, sub-headings, and definitions during lectures.

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Delayed Judgement

Postponing evaluation of ideas to encourage more creative contributions.

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Building on Ideas

Expanding on other's ideas to create more workable solutions.

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Leader's Role

Generating a supportive atmosphere, ensuring rules are followed.

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Note-Taking

Recording generated ideas to avoid quick evaluation.

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Optimal Group Size

Limiting group size for better brainstorming effectiveness.

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Time Limit

Deadlines create focus and speed up the brainstorming process.

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Effective Leader

The leader guides positively, controls the session without dominating.

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Clear Criteria

Specifying criteria that a solution must meet to ensure focus.

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Cues & Clues

Clues given by the lecturer to highlight important information.

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Note-Taking Format

A structured layout for writing notes that includes space for later additions.

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Evaluate to Note

Analyzing information to select the most important aspects for writing down.

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Find Help FAST

Seeking assistance from peers, lecturers, or counselors when struggling.

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Importance of Organisation

Applying a method to arrange information to improve understanding and recall.

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Lecturer's Cues

Lecturer writes on the board, repeats information, uses vocal emphasis or gestures, spends time on a concept, uses word signals, summarizes at the end or reviews at the beginning.

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Note Taking Format

Lecturer's name/initials, Subject, Date, Title/ Topic, Subheadings, and page number.

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What to do when you miss information

Writing key words, skipping lines, asking peers, making appointments to see the lecturer or counsellor.

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Study Notes

  • The document consists of study notes for Management I (BUMA101), Communications - Academic Literacy.
  • Module addresses aspects of academic literacy.
  • It highlights the importance of effective communication and learning skills.

Education Framework

  • SAQA (South African Qualifications Authority) governs all education & training through the NQF and Skills Development Act.
  • NQF (National Qualification Framework) registers qualifications and learning programs.
  • There are three qualification bands with eight levels of learning.
  • FP&M SETA (Fibre Processing & Manufacturing Sector Education & Training Authority) monitors and assists education and training programs in the sector.
  • It also disburses Skills Development levy grants.
  • In the early 2000s, SAQA devised Critical Outcomes, that aren't compulsory anymore but still cover the learner requirements.
  • Learning programs should aim to develop learners personally, socially, and economically.
  • Learners should reflect on learning strategies, participate in communities, and be culturally and aesthetically sensitive.
  • Learners should also explore career opportunities and develop entrepreneurial skills.

Bloom's Taxonomy

  • Bloom's Taxonomy consists of Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective domains.

Cognitive Domain

  • Knowledge involves recalling information.
  • Comprehension involves making connections between facts.
  • Application involves applying knowledge in new situations.
  • Analysis involves breaking down information.
  • Synthesis involves combining elements to form a unique structure.
  • Evaluation involves making value judgements.

Psychomotor Domain:

  • Imitation involves observing behavioural tasks.
  • Manipulation involves performing skills from instruction.
  • Precision involves performing a task with limited assistance.
  • Articulation involves performing skilled sequences.
  • Naturalization involves performing multifaceted tasks automatically.

Affective Domain

  • Receiving involves paying attention.
  • Responding involves participating.
  • Valuing involves accepting values or beliefs.
  • Organization involves acquiring a value system.
  • Characterization involves adopting a new way of life.

Learning Theory

  • Effective learning requires motivation, guidance, appropriate techniques, time for absorption, and building on existing knowledge.
  • Learning is more successful in short periods.

Left Brain Functions

  • Analytical activities like logic, linearity, numbers, and analysis.

Right Brain Functions

  • Activities include rhythm, imagination, dimension, and music.
  • People trained to use one side of their brain exclusively may struggle to use the other side.
  • Stimulating the weaker brain side increases overall ability and effectiveness.
  • Creative problem-solvers use both brain hemispheres to solve problems effectively.
  • Right-brain functions are beneficial to generating new ideas.

Memory

  • Everything is stored in the brain and can only be recalled unless blocked by damage, trauma, or drugs.
  • Information disappears unless memory is jogged with "hooks".
  • The 2 types of memory are short-term and long-term.
  • Short term is learning new paths but depends on input just received.
  • Long term is formed by ingrained connection from continued practice
  • Most learning is forgotten in 24 hours, being completely gone in three days.
  • The speed of forgetting depends on impact, interest, novelty, and physical condition.

Reviewing

  • Reviewing frequently improves short-term memory and retention.
  • Regular deliberate reviews and restimulations are important.
  • Reviewing takes less time than learning.
  • Immediate Review: It is quicker and easier to review straight away
  • When memory is "jogged," pathways are established.
  • Reviewing changes subconscious brain activity.
  • A single review is insufficient.
  • Another recall should take place after a week
  • This keeps in recall memory for 5 -6 weeks.
  • More opportunities for recall will increase the length of time in the memory
  • Thereafter 1 -2 review every 3 -6 months will retain information.
  • The less information is used, the more frequent the review should be.
  • Active, not passive reviews should be used for efficient review

Improving Recall

  • Strategies include creating unique situations and reorganizing knowledge.
  • Use mental imagery and activate your right brain.
  • It's better to use colours than just text
  • Mind Dumps: - Best to use writing and colours. Write down anything recalled about the topic
  • Conversation is a discussion that involves more questions.

Learning Styles

  • Learning is acquiring and remembering knowledge.
  • Everyone has a different learning style.
  • Claim that an understanding of learning styles will enhance learning whether a trainee or tutor.
  • Integrated or effective learners will be able to handle various learning styles
  • People learn in different ways and have preferences for specific stages.
  • These are previous skills, previous things learnt and current plans

Kolb's learning cycle states :

  • There are 4 learning "styles" that contain 4 differing traits.
  • These are concrete vs abstract and active vs passive
  • Mixing them gives 4 different types of learning styles.
  • Accommodators (concrete and active) rely on intuition and trial and error.
  • Learning by doing can also work
  • Accommodators prefer to go with other people's thought.
  • They match up with activities that simulate real life.
  • Hands on learning works better for them
  • Simulation and group discissions work well so long they are facilitated by an expert
  • Divergers (concrete and passive) are open minded.
  • They like to to fight issues through different points
  • Working through examples also works well
  • Instructor uses many examples as abstract theories.
  • Converser's (Abstract and Active) prefer working, not people.
  • They do well through techniques such as case studies or PC based training.
  • The more people get hands on the better for them
  • Assimilates (abstract and passive) like to think and use their brain.
  • Authority works well and impersonal training is well suited.
  • It is best to be with those that emphasize with theory.

Learning Techniques

  • It is useful to understand what helps you remember
  • Memory functions by Registration, Retention and Retrieval
  • Registration of Information is how to get it into your head
  • Make sure the interest levels and attitude (positive) is high
  • Concentrated and avoid distractions. Focus
  • Plan on how long you will spend on learning and be specific
  • Read Actively and remember
  • Copying helps to remember, but may affect test scores negatively.
  • relate by mixing them together, this ensures to understand and is effective in checking links.
  • Writing outlines is good and try to grasp the idea as a whole
  • Calculations help everyday for effective memorizing, which number and practical exercises work and are beneficial
  • Practice more to create understanding.

Retention

  • Help to keep the information in your head
  • Revise often and constantly
  • Be concentrated when reading.
  • Make sure you keep on auto suggest the information in our head
  • Make charts lists, diagrams, and place in highly viewable areas
  • Practive and write out what you can get
  • Use rhymes to help
  • Put in maximum effort to ensure it works

Retrieval

  • Help to get it on the paper.
  • Practice remembering. Rehearse.
  • If you get stuck think around the subject and write down any thoughts
  • Think about any rhymes the word uses
  • If you get tense, don't rush relax and it may come
  • Try to think of any pictures you can form for diagrams

Studying Skills

  • Organization is essential for successful learning.
  • Stay positive, allocate time, act and set goals.
  • Desk should be clean and tidy.
  • Avoid interruptions.
  • Study for 30 minute sessions and breaks. Long breaks every three sessions.
  • Have enough light and rest.
  • Do not miss the session at all.
  • Practice over and over
  • Positive thoughts

Questionnaire for learners:

  • There are 53 different things on whether you like the teaching
  • There can then be scored to provide insight into where you are at

Tools for Decision Making

  • Present facts and be positive
  • Remember not all people get the subject right away
  • The common tools that can be are
  • Brainstorming
  • Pareto Principle 80:20
  • Ishikawa diagrams
  • Six Mind Diagram

Brainstorming requires the following.

  • Can be used for many ideas
  • Developed by Alex Osborne and involves the group to put forwards ideas
  • The object is to shake up peoples views.
  • Some other points
  • Involves logic and a right answer.
  • Creative thinking
  • Avoid tram linking: stay open minded

Principles for Brainstorming

  • Establish six basic rules for successful brainstorming
  • Generate wildest ideas that possible
  • Do not be critical or evaluating
  • Make many ideas that are possible
  • Don't stop too soon as well.
  • Allow the group to modify ideas from people
  • Experienced leader should be assigned to make the environment good. Ensure rules are enforced.
  • The leader also ensure that rules are being followed.
  • People has to has a person who can take the information and listen
  • Make you write it right the way from the start

Maximizing Success will come from doing the following

  • There is a small amount of people
  • Must be structured
  • Leaders that does not dominate
  • Set clear and precise objectives
  • Take time to think
  • To generate plenty
  • Ideally, record it as well Brainstorm
  • Write things down
  • See where they take you Make good decisions. Pareto’s principle is 80:20
  • Effort relation ship is used here
  • Focus on efficiency

Cause and Effects Diagram

  1. Right up desired effects on the right of the paper
  2. Fill in the main ribs under these headings:
  • People and Environment
  • Methods and Plant
  • Equipment Materials
  1. Work on each cause in each area.
  2. Summarise and highlight most efficient point that would be best.

Six Word Diagram

  • 5.4 Six Word Diagram (Asks not only when does it happen?, but also when does it NOT happen?).
  • State problem concisely and clearly.
  • Discuss the problem using the six key words:
  • Who, Why, Where, When, With, How
  • and variations such as AWith what?, With who?, When not? Etc)
  • Brainstorm each category.
  • Use the Pareto Principle to isolate key issues.
  • Problems can be solved by reducing the causes OR increasing the not causes.

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