IS 427 Midterm Concept Study Guide
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What is the capabilities approach?

Developed by Amartya Sen, it is defined as the choices and opportunities available to people. Related to poverty, it is capability deprivation, where it is the absence of basic capabilities necessary for individuals to achieve what they value doing or being

What does it mean by narrow conceptualizations of poverty?

Narrow conceptualizations focus on the measurable dimensions of poverty, and viewed more as a one dimensional problem. This means that it is mainly looked at as a deprivation of material necessities and used to make comparisons. One example is income poverty.

What does it mean by broad conceptualizations of poverty?

Broad conceptualizations take into account multiple dimensions of poverty, with some not easy to measure. This view also looks at the processes that creates and maintains poverty, which makes it a view more suitable for the complex and changing nature of poverty. One example is the capabilities approach.

What is absolute poverty?

<p>the state of being deprived of basic needs • the inability to access minimum needs for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relative poverty?

<p>the inability to afford consumption patterns which are considered normal in a society • lack of resources to participate fully in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is objective poverty?

<p>is defined by scientists, researchers, government institutions, and international organizations for data collection purposes, comparisons, or to identify those who need policy intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is subjective poverty?

<p>is defined by poor individuals themselves based on their own experiences and observations within their community and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a headcount ratio / poverty ratio?

<p>The percentage of the population living below the national poverty line</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a poverty line?

<p>A poverty line is defined as the amount of income that separates poverty from non-poverty. • It is a threshold below which it is difficult, if not impossible, to afford basic needs. • Every country has a different poverty line, which is set by adding up the costs of meeting minimum needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty lines are based on a narrow definition of poverty

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty lines can be set according to both absolute and relative poverty.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a shortcoming of national poverty lines?

<p>They use the narrow conceptualization and do not take into account additional complexities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human Development and Poverty Indexes do not rely on broader conceptions of poverty

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)

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What is the Human Poverty Index?

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What is the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index?

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What does it mean by subjective measures of poverty?

<p>These rely on participatory methods of assessing poverty and focus on the perceptions and experiences of poor individuals themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some major global poverty trends?

<p>There has been considerable progress in reducing income poverty worldwide. Yet income poverty has not been falling everywhere. In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, there is very limited or no progress.<br /> • Economic growth does not necessarily bring about an automatic improvement in poor people’s income levels. The outcome depends on the distribution of income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inequality?

<p>inequality refers to the uneven allocation of resources, opportunities, or rights among individuals or groups within society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Inequality a Controversial Topic?

<p>There are significant disagreements about its causes, consequences, and what, if anything, should be done about it. •How inequality is perceived connects to deeply held beliefs about fairness, justice, and the organization of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is economic inequality?

<p>Economic inequality is the gap between rich and poor. It is related to the distribution of income and wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Gini coefficient and the Gini index?

<p>The Gini Coefficient is the most commonly used measure of income inequality. A perfectly equal income distribution would lead to a Gini coefficient of 0 (or 0%), while a coefficient of 1(or 100%) represents perfect inequality (when one person receives all the income)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of GDP?

<p>They assume that every individual earns the same income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select one that high levels of within-country inequality do not cause.

<p>drug crisis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is structural poverty?

<p>primarily rooted in the internal dynamics (hierarchical organization) of individual civilizations. refers to the lack of means to meet basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. It stems from social differentiation/ inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poverty has been a persistent issue throughout human history, dating back to ancient civilizations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are commons?

<p>traditionally refers to the natural resources (like pastures, forests, freshwater resources, etc.) that are owned by nobody and may be used by any member of a community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of capialism affect poverty and inequality

<p>People's dependency on markets as consumers and labourers increased globally. With the rise and expansion of capitalism, poverty and inequality became more firmly connected to the dynamics of the world economy. A large-scale dispossession of small peasants and the expansion of wage labour. The erosion of traditional safety nets and commons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conjuctural poverty?

<p>event driven poverty - results from natural disasters, economic recessions, wars or bad harvests</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain poverty in the industrialized parts of the world mid 18th-20th century

<p>a considerable rise in living standards • modern social policies came to emerge • hunger and malnutrition declined • poverty became less life-threatening and less dangerous. • relative poverty increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

explain poverty in the worlds periphery mid 18th-20th century

<p>there was minimal evidence of significant economic or social advancement. • the consolidation of the global division of labour established in previous centuries deepened poverty and inequality in the periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain poverty in the golden age of capitalism (post war) in the core regions

<p>• Significant improvements in human welfare and a decline in global poverty and inequality happened in the post-WWII era (from 1945/1950 until 1980). • In the core regions of the world: • Formal, stable, well-paid employment became the norm. • The rise of organized labour pushed for relatively more equal income and wealth redistribution, more public spending and the development of public provisioning systems. •Welfare states were based on a social pact (between workers and employers). • P overty and inequality were seen as social problems that required collective solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain poverty in the golden age of capitalism (post war) in the peripheral regions

<p>In the peripheral regions of the world: •Powerful anti-colonial and anti-imperialist movements emerged. •Former colonies gained their independence and established new states. •Many of them pursued a strategy called import substitution industrialization (economic policies aiming to replace previously imported goods with products produced domestically). •These new states adopted a model known as the “developmental state.” This model was grounded in “state-led industrialization” and bore a resemblance, in many ways, to welfare states in the global North. •Unionization rates rose, and public social services expanded significantly. •Achievements remained limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did neoliberalism impact poverty and inequality?

<p>The neoliberal model encouraged governments to deregulate their economies, privatize public services and state economic enterprises and reduce tax levels to attract both domestic and foreign investments. During this period, a significant transfer of wealth from workers to the upper classes took place. While the post-war period treated poverty and inequality as social problems that required collective solutions, neoliberalism shifted the focus to individual responsibility and market efficiency. A shift from welfare to workfare happened in the Global North. Many of the achievements in the Global South started to be “undermined by the structural adjustment programmes imposed by the World Bank and IMF during the 1980s and 1990s. This doesn’t mean that all social and collective mechanisms, as well as all safety nets that serve as protection against poverty and inequality, have entirely evaporated. Some have been preserved, and new ones have been created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global north

<p>The &quot;Global North&quot; refers to wealthier, industrialized nations, primarily located in North America and Europe, but also includes some parts of East Asia (like Japan and South Korea).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does poverty look like in the global north?

<p>Extreme poverty rates are generally lower compared to the Global South. However, despite higher overall wealth levels, poverty, inequality and economic exclusion still exist in the Global North. • Relative poverty: Poverty in the Global North is often more about relative deprivation. • Homelessness and Housing Insecurity are visible and growing problems in many cities in the Global North.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define working poor

<p>Working Poor: In many parts of the global North, poverty is tied to job insecurity, low-wage work, involuntary part-time work, and the gig economy, where workers (or the small-scale self-employed) don’t have access to adequate benefits like healthcare, paid leave, or retirement savings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define precariat

<p>The term precariat is used to refer to these segments of the population whose jobs are uncertain and contingent, leaving them perpetually at risk of slipping into poverty. • Precariat is a category of workers who work in temporary jobs and experience insecurity. • Although individuals in precarious jobs are not always/necessarily poor, if the support systems provided by society and the government are inadequate, they are at a higher risk of becoming impoverished. • Increasing precariousness leads to higher rates of old-age poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors Contributing to Poverty in the Global North

<p>Income and Wealth Inequality • The decline of traditional industries (such as manufacturing) and the rise of automation and the gig economy • Discrimination (Minority groups, immigrants, single mothers, and people with disabilities are disproportionately affected by poverty)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global south?

<p>The &quot;Global South&quot; typically refers to countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and parts of Oceania. Many of these countries have been historically marginalized due to colonialism, exploitation, and unequal global trade systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extreme poverty is more prevalent in the Global South.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rural poverty: Poverty is often less concentrated in rural areas where agriculture is the main livelihood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is urban poverty?

<p>poverty often manifests in informal settlements or slums with overcrowded conditions, poor sanitation, and limited access to services such as electricity and healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are factors contributing to Poverty in the Global South

<p>Colonial legacies (neo-colonialism) Exploitative trade systems Debt burdens Conflict and Political instability Income and Wealth Inequality Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a global value chain (GVC)?

<p>“the full range of activities that are required to bring a product from its conception, through its design, its sourced raw materials and intermediate inputs, its marketing, its distribution and its support to the final consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a global production network GPN?

<p>includes firms and non-firm actors (such as states, trade unions and NGOs), as well as social and institutional contexts (such as labour market organization, working conditions, and welfare regimes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a supply chain?

<p>include only the manufacturing and distribution related steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are GPN and GVC important?

<p>The increasing fragmentation/modularization of production processes The emergence of new patterns of specialization in the global economy New opportunities for economic growth + challenges for vulnerable groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lead firm

<p>the f irm which exercises considerable power and control over a global value chain (Lead firms are primarily transnational retailers and other brand-name companies)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While lead firms tend to have oligopolistic powers, supplier firms tend to be subject to intense competition

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive concentration of market power creates or deepens inequalities by putting small businesses, small farmers and workers at a disadvantage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a power associated with asymmetries?

<p>Economic Power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Firms tend to capitalize on the vulnerabilities of certain categories of workers and producers (such as migrants, women, children and small farmers).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the expansion of GNPs affected working and living conditions, poverty and inequality in Canada?

<p>Job growth in high-value industries and improved working conditions in skilled positions • Rising precarity in low-skilled jobs (reduced or stagnant income and lower job security and benefits) More working poor and relative poverty • Rising income inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of economic upgrading?

<p>process upgrading • product upgrading • functional upgrading and • intersectoral/chain upgrading</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is economic upgrading?

<p>moving into higher productivity and higher value-added niches of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social upgrading?

<p>improvements in living standards and conditions of employment over time. There are two dimensions: measurable standards, and enabling rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect social upgrading and downgrading?

<p>The degree of cost- and quality pressures The abundance or scarcity of labour The organizational/associational power of workers and small producers The quality of labour standards and social security</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social protection?

<p>a wide range of policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty, vulnerability, and inequality within a specific country by ensuring that individuals have access to essential services and income support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of social protection?

<p>Social insurance/security Social assistance Labour market interventions (employment protection and promotion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social insurance/security?

<p>Social insurance/security systems are designed to support individuals and households during critical life events such as illness, unemployment, disability, or old age. ∙They are typically contributory and employment based.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social assistance?

<p>Social assistance programs provide aid (in cash or kind) to individuals or households experiencing poverty who lack sufficient resources to meet their basic needs. They are non-contributory (financed through taxes/public revenues) and not employment-based. They typically include means tests (but can be universal). They may be targeted to a specific region or group. Many middle-income countries in the Global South (notably in Latin America) have launched large-scale social assistance programs in the 21st century. These have led to significant improvements in social indicators. Their impact on the poverty gap has been more substantial than on the poverty headcount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the poverty gap?

<p>The poverty gap measures the depth of poverty in a population. It shows how far, on average, individuals living in poverty are from the poverty line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a means test?

<p>A means test is a f inancial evaluation designed to determine if an individual qualifies for/deserves social assistance due to insufficient income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are labour market interventions?

<p>These interventions aim to improve employment opportunities and working conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Passive Interventions?

<p>Labour market intervention that are designed to establish minimum employment standards and protect workers’ rights. (E.g., minimum wage regulation, regulations aiming to ensure safe working conditions and job security)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are active interventions?

<p>A type of labour market intervention that aims to enhance the employability of individuals in the workforce. (E.g., job training programs, job search support and intermediation, employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are commons?

<p>refers to resources that are shared, collectively managed, and accessible to a community rather than being privately owned. These resources can be natural, digital, cultural, or social.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are commons and social protection related?

<p>Social protection is part of the social commons because it provides essential resources and services that belong to society collectively and are designed to ensure well-being, equitable access, and shared responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decent work?

<p>Decent work refers to employment that provides a living wage, security in the workplace, social protection, and opportunities for personal development and social integration. It is work that respects fundamental rights and promotes fair labour practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is living wage?

<p>Living Wage is the amount of pay that is needed to afford basic necessities like food, housing, healthcare, transportation, and other essentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is living hours?

<p>Living hours refer to a system that improves job security for workers by giving them contracts that guarantee certain working hours. This system helps ensure that employees earn a living wage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some challenges to addressing in-work poverty through decent work and living wage?

<p>∙Competitive pressures ∙Short-termism ∙Need for active collaboration between stakeholders (employers, policymakers, government and civil society organizations)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors make people vulnerable to homelessness?

<p>Affordable housing shortages, rising rents, increasing competition and decreasing protections in the labour markets, mental illness, physical disabilities, family breakdown, etc., are among the key factors increasing people’s vulnerability to homelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All forms of homelessness can be easily identified.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the Housing First Strategy

<p>a strategy that prioritizes providing stable housing to people experiencing homelessness without requiring them to undergo treatment for substance use, be sober for a period of time, or participate in work programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the harm reduction strategy

<p>a public health strategy that Policies Designed to Address Chronic Homelessness (Cont.) aims to minimize the negative consequences/harms of risky behaviors, particularly related to substance use. (E.g., reducing the risks associated with transmission of blood-borne diseases through needle exchange services, establishing supervised injection sites to prevent overdoses, providing Opiate substitution therapy (OST) to reduce crime and other harms)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some critiques against addressing homelessness

<p>∙Providing housing without requiring sobriety does not motivate people to change. ∙Harm reduction does not address addiction. It focuses more on short-term fixes. ∙Harm reduction tools (such as supervised injection sites and safe supply programs) normalize or encourage substance use and foster dependency on government-funded programs. ∙Public funds used for harm reduction could be better spent on prevention and treatment programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Capital of France (example flashcard)

Paris

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