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Questions and Answers
Which term is used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from an animal to a human?
Which term is used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from an animal to a human?
What is the place where a pathogen normally lives and reproduces known as?
What is the place where a pathogen normally lives and reproduces known as?
What is the release of a virus from an infected person into the environment called?
What is the release of a virus from an infected person into the environment called?
Which type of viruses pose a bigger risk for the Global South?
Which type of viruses pose a bigger risk for the Global South?
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What percentage of all human viruses known today were unknown at the end of World War II?
What percentage of all human viruses known today were unknown at the end of World War II?
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What is the term for a pathogen/virus that has spread from animals to humans?
What is the term for a pathogen/virus that has spread from animals to humans?
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What does the term 'Enzootic' refer to?
What does the term 'Enzootic' refer to?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola virus?
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What is the incubation period for Nipah virus?
What is the incubation period for Nipah virus?
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What is the case fatality rate for Hendra virus?
What is the case fatality rate for Hendra virus?
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What is the R0 in the context of prioritizing zoonotic viruses?
What is the R0 in the context of prioritizing zoonotic viruses?
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What is one health approach in the context of eradicating Rabies epidemics?
What is one health approach in the context of eradicating Rabies epidemics?
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What is the evolutionary potential used for prioritizing zoonotic viruses?
What is the evolutionary potential used for prioritizing zoonotic viruses?
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What is the characteristic symptom observed in severe cases of Ebolavirus disease?
What is the characteristic symptom observed in severe cases of Ebolavirus disease?
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What does 'Spillover' refer to in the context of viral diseases?
What does 'Spillover' refer to in the context of viral diseases?
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What is meant by 'Epizootic' viral disease?
What is meant by 'Epizootic' viral disease?
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What is used as a diagnostic method for Nipah virus?
What is used as a diagnostic method for Nipah virus?
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What is the primary treatment for Nipah virus infection?
What is the primary treatment for Nipah virus infection?
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How is the diagnosis of Nipah virus infection typically confirmed?
How is the diagnosis of Nipah virus infection typically confirmed?
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What is the incubation period for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus?
What is the incubation period for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus?
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What are the initial signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection?
What are the initial signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection?
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What causes the severe symptoms of Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus infection?
What causes the severe symptoms of Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus infection?
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How are patients with Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus treated?
How are patients with Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus treated?
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What is the main method of detecting the presence of CCHFV in patients?
What is the main method of detecting the presence of CCHFV in patients?
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What is the recommended way to prevent CCHFV infections?
What is the recommended way to prevent CCHFV infections?
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What do researchers aim to target with the development of an anti-tick vaccine?
What do researchers aim to target with the development of an anti-tick vaccine?
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What is the classification of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus?
What is the classification of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus?
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What is the biggest amino acids diversity in CCHFV linked to?
What is the biggest amino acids diversity in CCHFV linked to?
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What is the main way of detecting viral RNA in patients with CCHFV?
What is the main way of detecting viral RNA in patients with CCHFV?
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Zoonotic viruses are a major risk for the Global North.
Zoonotic viruses are a major risk for the Global North.
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Spillover always causes the human to get sick or transmit the pathogen to other humans.
Spillover always causes the human to get sick or transmit the pathogen to other humans.
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Shedding of a virus from an infected person into the environment is not infectious.
Shedding of a virus from an infected person into the environment is not infectious.
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Over 90% of all human viruses known today were known at the end of World War II.
Over 90% of all human viruses known today were known at the end of World War II.
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Enzootic viral diseases refer to diseases that are not present in animals.
Enzootic viral diseases refer to diseases that are not present in animals.
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Spillover refers to the transmission of a pathogen from a human to an animal.
Spillover refers to the transmission of a pathogen from a human to an animal.
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A vaccine is available for Nipah virus.
A vaccine is available for Nipah virus.
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The main tests used for Nipah virus detection are RT-PCR and ELISA.
The main tests used for Nipah virus detection are RT-PCR and ELISA.
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Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus is exclusively hosted by cattle.
Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus is exclusively hosted by cattle.
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Nipah virus infection is initially suspected based on specific signs and symptoms.
Nipah virus infection is initially suspected based on specific signs and symptoms.
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The incubation period for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus is 7 days.
The incubation period for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus is 7 days.
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Ribavirin is a specific treatment for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus.
Ribavirin is a specific treatment for Crimea-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus.
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The diagnosis of CCHFV is very easy due to high antibody counts in patients.
The diagnosis of CCHFV is very easy due to high antibody counts in patients.
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Development of an anti-tick vaccine aims to target tick saliva proteins to attract immune cells to the place of infection.
Development of an anti-tick vaccine aims to target tick saliva proteins to attract immune cells to the place of infection.
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CCHF outbreaks have a case fatality rate of 40%.
CCHF outbreaks have a case fatality rate of 40%.
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Three billion people globally are at risk of infection from Nipah virus.
Three billion people globally are at risk of infection from Nipah virus.
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The biggest amino acids diversities in CCHFV are linked to geographic localization.
The biggest amino acids diversities in CCHFV are linked to geographic localization.
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Zoonotic viruses can only be transmitted from animals to humans and not the other way around.
Zoonotic viruses can only be transmitted from animals to humans and not the other way around.
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The spillover event requires the recipient cells to have the right receptors in order for the virus exchange to take place.
The spillover event requires the recipient cells to have the right receptors in order for the virus exchange to take place.
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The closer the host is genetically to the virus source, the less likely it is to have similar cell receptors.
The closer the host is genetically to the virus source, the less likely it is to have similar cell receptors.
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Rabies can be eradicated through a One Health approach involving integrated controls, vaccination campaigns, and collaboration between veterinary and medical doctors.
Rabies can be eradicated through a One Health approach involving integrated controls, vaccination campaigns, and collaboration between veterinary and medical doctors.
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The Ebola virus has an incubation period ranging from 3 days to 3 weeks.
The Ebola virus has an incubation period ranging from 3 days to 3 weeks.
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Nipah virus can be transmitted from infected bats or pigs, as well as through contaminated food or human-to-human contact.
Nipah virus can be transmitted from infected bats or pigs, as well as through contaminated food or human-to-human contact.
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The Nipah virus has an incubation period of 4 to 14 days.
The Nipah virus has an incubation period of 4 to 14 days.
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Ebolavirus kills approximately 50% of those infected with the virus.
Ebolavirus kills approximately 50% of those infected with the virus.
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Ebolavirus spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals, or through fomite transmission.
Ebolavirus spreads through direct contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals, or through fomite transmission.
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Diagnosing the Nipah virus infection typically involves isolating the virus, detecting its RNA, or detecting antibodies against the virus in a person's blood.
Diagnosing the Nipah virus infection typically involves isolating the virus, detecting its RNA, or detecting antibodies against the virus in a person's blood.
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The case fatality rate for Hendra virus is approximately 60%.
The case fatality rate for Hendra virus is approximately 60%.
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Study Notes
- Dr. Marine Petit is a virology expert, and her lectures cover various topics in virology, including Zoonotic viruses.
- Zoonotic viruses are those that spread from animals to humans.
- Important Zoonotic viruses include Viral Zoonoses, which can be categorized as Viral Zoonoses with different modes of transmission: Vector Borne, Food Borne, and Air Borne.
- Over 90% of all human viruses today were unknown at the end of World War II.
- Zoonotic viruses pose a bigger risk for the Global South.
- Spillover is the transmission of a pathogen from an animal to a human. It can occur through contact or infection.
- Contact Spillover is a chance event that requires the recipient cells to have the right receptors for the virus to infect.
- The closest host genetically has a higher chance of getting similar cell receptors.
- Spillover can lead to the transmission of viruses from an infected person to other people, completing the jump from animal to human.
- Viral Zoonoses research includes recent and upcoming spillover in human populations, such as Coronavirus, Ebola, Nipah virus, and Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
- Prioritization of research on Viral Zoonoses is based on various factors, including human transmissibility, case fatality rate, and available countermeasures.
- For instance, the eradication of Rabies is successful via the One Health approach, which involves managing rabies in animals as a key public health intervention.
- Rabies is a zoonosis that can be diagnosed and treated through methods like isolating the virus, detecting its RNA or proteins, or detecting antibodies against the virus.
- Other zoonoses, such as Nipah virus, have no treatment or vaccine available and require a supportive care approach.
- Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever is another zoonosis with a high case fatality rate and no treatment or vaccine. Its diagnosis is challenging due to the low antibody detection in patients and the hazardous nature of testing.
- Prevention strategies include research on tick-virus interactions to develop anti-tick vaccines and vector control strategies.
- BSL-4 facilities are crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic viruses, which can be highly infectious and hazardous.
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Description
Explore the world of zoonotic viruses and their impact on virology with Dr. Marine Petit's lectures in BMS2037. Learn about virus structure, classification, pathogenesis, treatment, and the potential emergence of zoonoses.
