Zoonotic Infections and Veterinary Pathogens
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following pathogens is transmitted through fomite transmission?

  • Rabies
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Canine parvovirus (correct)
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Which zoonotic infection is primarily spread through vector-borne transmission?

  • Salmonella
  • Bartonella (correct)
  • Parvovirus
  • Leptospira
  • Which route of pathogen spread is most associated with direct contact with affected tissues or fluids?

  • Fomite transmission
  • Direct contact (correct)
  • Aerosol
  • Oral transmission
  • Which of the following is NOT a concern for infection control in a small animal hospital?

    <p>Rabies vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is primarily linked to aerosol transmission?

    <p>Bordetella bronchiseptica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes pathogen spread via oral transmission?

    <p>Contaminated water or food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is associated with fecal-oral transmission?

    <p>Feline panleukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about zoonotic infections is accurate?

    <p>Rabies is primarily spread through bites or scratches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biosecurity in veterinary practices?

    <p>Methods used to prevent the spread of disease between individuals and places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of biosafety within a veterinary context?

    <p>Preventing harm from biohazards in laboratory settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a breach of infection control prevention and biosecurity (ICPB)?

    <p>Failing to dispose of sharps correctly after procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an infectious disease that can be transmitted between humans and animals?

    <p>Zoonotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential impacts of breaches in infection control, prevention, and biosecurity?

    <p>Social and reputational impacts on the clinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What roles may veterinarians play during a pandemic?

    <p>Implementing biosecurity protocols for animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infection transmission routes, which of the following is NOT one of the five main routes of pathogen transmission?

    <p>Vaccine-mediated transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is critical in establishing effective biosecurity protocols in veterinary practices?

    <p>Staff training on infection control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient experiencing acute respiratory symptoms not be allowed to do?

    <p>Enter the main reception area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chronic infections is particularly concerning before admitting a patient?

    <p>Skin infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for gathering the veterinary patient's vaccination history prior to admission?

    <p>To assess risk of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question is NOT relevant to ask regarding a pet's recent history?

    <p>Has the patient shown signs of fatigue?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cleaning method involves the use of warm water and detergent?

    <p>Wet cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not adhering to designated contact time for disinfectants?

    <p>Increased risk of pathogen spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about disinfectant usage?

    <p>Using an insufficient amount of product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step NOT included in the general cleaning and disinfection plan?

    <p>Immediate disinfection without cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Infection Control Practitioner (ICP)?

    <p>To limit pathogen introduction, exposure, and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an engineering control in infection prevention?

    <p>Installing hand hygiene stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is essential for managing the risk of pathogen spread in veterinary settings?

    <p>Using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for proper hand hygiene?

    <p>Washing hands for a minimum of 15 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to minimize the risk of staff entering infectious areas?

    <p>Limit access to essential personnel only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing standard operating procedures (SOPs) related to infection control?

    <p>To establish clear protocols for tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of negative pressure ventilation in isolation areas?

    <p>To prevent airborne pathogens from escaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure regarding vaccinations for staff?

    <p>Vaccination against common diseases like influenza is encouraged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should vectors like ticks be handled according to infection control measures?

    <p>Use gloves during their removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in client education materials regarding biosecurity?

    <p>Guidelines for their pets and infection prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order for putting on personal protective equipment (PPE) before entering the isolation room?

    <p>Put on booties, gown, and gloves after washing hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with used disposable PPE after providing care in an isolation room?

    <p>Dispose of in a biohazard bag in the isolation room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following items should not be brought into the isolation room?

    <p>Personal cell phone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method for cleaning non-disposable PPE after exiting an isolation room?

    <p>Clean and disinfect thoroughly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics should be applied to the ground material in large dog isolation runs?

    <p>Cleanable and disinfectable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should contaminated surfaces be addressed before leaving the isolation room?

    <p>Disinfect surfaces that may have been contaminated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to inform clients and staff about zoonotic potential?

    <p>People who are immunocompromised are especially at risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after disinfecting hands before leaving the anteroom?

    <p>Make chart entries if needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Zoonotic Infections

    • Rabies, Microsporum canis, Leptospira, Campylobacter, and Bartonella are examples of zoonotic pathogens.
    • Veterinarians should be concerned with zoonotic pathogens since they can be transmitted from animals to humans.

    Pathogens of Greatest Infection Control Concern

    • Adenovirus (canine), Parainfluenza virus (canine), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parvoviruses (canine, feline), Calicivirus (feline), Respiratory coronavirus (canine), Chlamydophila (feline), Salmonella spp., Distemper virus (canine), Herpesvirus (feline), Influenza viruses (canine, novel), Leptospira interrogans, Microsporum canis, Multidrug-resistant organisms (Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp.) are all pathogens of concern in a veterinary hospital setting.
    • Multidrug-resistant organisms are of particular concern due to the difficulty in treating them.

    Transmission Routes of Pathogens

    • Direct contact with infected tissues or fluids, bites, or scratches can transmit rabies, Microsporum canis, and Leptospira spp.
    • Fomite transmission occurs when an inanimate object, such as a table, kennel, or bowl, becomes contaminated and leads to infection. Canine parvovirus is an example of this transmission route.
    • Aerosol transmission happens when small particles or droplet nuclei are inhaled or land on mucous membranes. This route can transmit Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza, and canine distemper virus.
    • Oral transmission involves contaminated food or water, licking or chewing on contaminated surfaces, and can transmit feline panleukopenia, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, and Leptospira.
    • Vector-borne transmission occurs when a living organism carries and transmits pathogenic microorganisms to other animals or places. Examples include heartworm disease, Bartonella infection, and Borrellia burgdorferi infection.

    Biosecurity and Biosafety

    • Biosecurity focuses on stopping the spread of disease from one person, animal, or place to another, primarily within clinical practice.
    • Biosafety focuses on stopping the spread of biohazards from a specific location or preventing harm, primarily in laboratory settings.
    • Veterinary practice utilizes biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of pathogens by preventing introduction, exposure, transmission, and infection within the hospital population.
    • Laboratory settings utilize biosafety methods to prevent the spread of biohazards from the laboratory.

    Infection Control, Prevention, and Biosecurity

    • Breaches of ICPB can have medical, social, and financial impacts, affecting patients, clients, staff, and the hospital/clinic’s reputation.
    • Early identification of infectious cases is crucial in preventing further exposures and ensuring the safety of the practice.
    • Telephone triage allows for early recognition and identification of infectious cases, preventing high-risk patients from entering the main hospital areas.
    • Key questions during phone triage include travel history, exposure to other animals, vaccination status, and recent illness.
    • Prevention includes elimination of potential sources of infection, engineering of the hospital, and administration of control measures.
    • Engineering aspects include hand hygiene stations, non-porous work surfaces, and negative pressure ventilation.
    • Administrative aspects include training staff and clients, removing vectors, and vaccinating staff.
    • Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be chosen and used appropriately based on the risks associated with patient care.
    • Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) is responsible for implementing and evaluating the practice’s infection control measures, ensuring staff compliance and training.

    Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

    • Hand hygiene is a crucial aspect of infection control and includes both washing hands with soap and water and using hand sanitizer.
    • Phone triage is a vital step in identifying potential infectious cases before they enter the hospital.
    • Questions to ask during phone triage include the patient's recent history, signs of illness, and vaccination status.
    • Animals exhibiting acute coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or a MDR should be directed to a separate examination area.
    • Isolation protocols are crucial for managing infectious cases and preventing further spread of pathogens.
    • Entering an isolation room involves wearing appropriate PPE, using disposable items when possible, and adhering to strict disinfection practices.
    • Exiting an isolation room also involves specific steps to prevent contamination, including removing PPE carefully and disinfecting any contaminated surfaces.
    • Disposing of urine, feces, and other fluids involves using disposable materials whenever possible, cleaning and disinfecting properly, and following CDC guidelines.
    • Communication about zoonotic potential is vital, both for clients and staff, to ensure proper precautions and minimize risk.
    • Immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk for contracting zoonotic infections and should be advised to exercise caution.

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    Description

    This quiz covers important zoonotic pathogens such as Rabies and Leptospira that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It also addresses pathogens of greatest concern in veterinary practice, highlighting the significance of multidrug-resistant organisms. Test your knowledge on these critical topics relevant to animal health and public safety.

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