Carriers and Zoonotic Infections
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of an invasive pathogen?

  • S. pneumoniae
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • Salmonella (correct)

    • Which of the following is a virulence factor?

  • Capsules
  • Antibodies
  • Enzymes (correct)
  • Exotoxins

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of exotoxins?

  • Released outside the cell
  • Attacks host proteins
  • Forms pores in host cells
  • Associated with Gram negative cells (correct)

    • Which of the following is a portal of exit for pathogens?

    <p>Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of adhesins?

    <p>Bind to sulfatide on cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of carrier mentioned in the text?

    <p>Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for human diseases that have an animal reservoir?

    <p>Zoonotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common nonliving reservoir mentioned in the text?

    <p>Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of organisms needed to establish infection in 50% of test animals?

    <p>Infectious dose (ID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission mentioned in the text?

    <p>Inoculum size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines health?

    <p>A state in which all the body's systems function adequately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the bacteria we coexist with in a stable relationship?

    <p>Normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a surface where normal flora can be found in the human body?

    <p>Nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe bacteria that cause disease when the host's defenses are weakened or normal flora is altered?

    <p>Opportunists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to our normal flora over time?

    <p>It changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a portal of exit for infectious diseases?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of disease in populations called?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine the etiologic agent of a disease?

    <p>Koch's postulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about nosocomial infections?

    <p>They are acquired or developed from a hospital stay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some difficulties in satisfying Koch's postulates?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and their hosts?

    <p>Pathogenicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true pathogen?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the skin?

    <p>To provide a barrier against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of bacteria found on the skin?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability of microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells?

    <p>Adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for microbes into the human body?

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about normal flora in the mouth?

    <p>Saliva constantly washes out the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the intestinal tract?

    <p>Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium make up 90% of all bacteria in the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common mode of entry for microbes into the urogenital system?

    <p>Intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the urethra?

    <p>The urine helps flush out bacteria from the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of adhesins produced by pathogens?

    <p>B. pertussis - filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) binds to sulfatide on cilia of respiratory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are invasive pathogens?

    <p>Pathogens that must enter host cells to live.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens evade the body's defenses?

    <p>They keep phagocytes from having direct contact by using capsules and surface proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens challenge the specific immune system?

    <p>They can evade the immune system by changing their surface antigens or attacking antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens damage tissue?

    <p>They produce toxins that harm tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health?

    <p>Health - a stable state in which all the body’s systems function adequately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of disease?

    <p>Disease - an unstable state, ending with either recovery or death. Any deviation from health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normal flora?

    <p>Normal flora, or biota, are the bacteria we coexist with in a stable relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the surfaces of our body that normal flora inhabit?

    <p>Normal flora inhabit the surfaces of our body including the skin, conjunctiva, nasal cavity and nasopharynx, mouth and intestinal tract, vagina, and urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of normal microbiota in hosts?

    <p>The two types of normal microbiota are resident microbiota and transient microbiota.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic types of modes of transmission?

    <p>Human contact (direct or indirect), vehicles (inanimate objects), vectors (living transmitters, arthropods)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of organisms needed to cause death in 50% of test animals?

    <p>Lethal dose (LD 50)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for transmission from mother to infant?

    <p>Vertical transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fomites?

    <p>Inanimate objects that transmit disease, such as eating utensils, towels, bedding, handkerchiefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of vectors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Biological vectors (infected with the pathogen) and mechanical vectors (not infected with the pathogen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven steps to becoming a successful pathogen?

    <ol> <li>Maintain a reservoir (a place to live before and after infection), 2. Leave the reservoir and enter a host, 3. Adhere to the surface of the host, 4. Invade the body of the host, 5. Evade the body’s defenses, 6. Multiply within the body, 7. Leave the body and return to its reservoir or enter a new host</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carrier?

    <p>Someone serving as a reservoir for a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of carriers mentioned in the text?

    <p>Incubatory carriers, chronic carriers, and human carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of reservoirs mentioned in the text?

    <p>Living reservoirs and nonliving reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells?

    <p>Adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal flora on the skin?

    <p>Normal flora on the skin helps keep it healthy by occupying space and preventing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts?

    <p>The three types of symbiotic relationships are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adhesins?

    <p>The main function of adhesins is to allow microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three general defenses of the human body?

    <p>The three general defenses of the human body are structural, mechanical, and biochemical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>True pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals and are associated with a specific and recognizable disease, while opportunistic pathogens cause disease in immune compromised hosts and require a breach in host defenses to gain access to sterile regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major portals of exit for infectious diseases?

    <p>Respiratory, Salivary, Skin, Fecal, Urogenital, Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of disease in populations called?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to determine the etiologic agent of a disease?

    <p>Koch's postulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three criteria of Koch's postulates?

    <ol> <li>The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease.</li> <li>The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.</li> <li>The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant), and the same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nosocomial infections?

    <p>Infectious diseases that are acquired or developed from a hospital stay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is considered the drug of choice for the bubonic plague?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by preventing peptide bond formation?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic prevents movement of the ribosome along mRNA?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits folic acid synthesis through competitive inhibition?

    <p>Sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis and is effective against gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of drug administration mentioned in the text?

    <p>Inhalation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about systemic therapy?

    <p>It is done by a professional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the goal of antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>To selectively kill or inhibit microbial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of antimicrobial drugs based on cell targets?

    <p>Inhibition of nucleic acid structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best site of action for antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of using cell membrane as a site of action for antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs form complexes with sterols on fungal membranes?

    <p>Polyene antifungal antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>To promote antimicrobial resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its toxicity?

    <p>It should be toxic to the infectious agent but not to the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>To administer a drug that destroys the infective agent without harming the host's cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its stability?

    <p>It should be stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its solubility?

    <p>It should be soluble in the body's tissues and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its effect on the host's immune system and microflora?

    <p>It should not disrupt the immune system or microflora of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of drug resistance?

    <p>It should be exempt from drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is widely used to treat strep throat and other respiratory infections?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is relatively new, broad spectrum, and has few side effects?

    <p>Quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group is used to treat mycobacterial infections and requires combinations of drugs for effective treatment?

    <p>Antimycobacterial Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat giardia?

    <p>Antiprotozoan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat malaria?

    <p>Antimalarial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat tapeworms and roundworms?

    <p>Antihelminthic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic group inhibits cell membrane, protein synthesis, and cell division in fungi?

    <p>Antifungal agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which strains become drug resistant due to mutation and genetic exchange?

    <p>Acquired resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ways to slow down the development of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Limit non-medical use of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

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