90 Questions
Which of the following is an example of an invasive pathogen?
Salmonella
Which of the following is a virulence factor?
Enzymes
Which of the following is a characteristic of exotoxins?
Associated with Gram negative cells
Which of the following is a portal of exit for pathogens?
Nose
Which of the following is a function of adhesins?
Bind to sulfatide on cilia
Which of the following is NOT a type of carrier mentioned in the text?
Passive
What is the term for human diseases that have an animal reservoir?
Zoonotic
Which of the following is NOT a common nonliving reservoir mentioned in the text?
Air
What is the term for the number of organisms needed to establish infection in 50% of test animals?
Infectious dose (ID)
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission mentioned in the text?
Inoculum size
Which of the following best defines health?
A state in which all the body's systems function adequately
What is the term used to describe the bacteria we coexist with in a stable relationship?
Normal flora
Which of the following is an example of a surface where normal flora can be found in the human body?
Nasal cavity
What is the term used to describe bacteria that cause disease when the host's defenses are weakened or normal flora is altered?
Opportunists
What happens to our normal flora over time?
It changes
Which of the following is a portal of exit for infectious diseases?
Respiratory
What is the study of disease in populations called?
Epidemiology
Which method is used to determine the etiologic agent of a disease?
Koch's postulates
Which statement is true about nosocomial infections?
They are acquired or developed from a hospital stay
What are some difficulties in satisfying Koch's postulates?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a type of symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and their hosts?
Pathogenicism
Which of the following is a true pathogen?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the main function of the skin?
To provide a barrier against pathogens
What is the most common type of bacteria found on the skin?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the term used to describe the ability of microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells?
Adhesion
Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for microbes into the human body?
Urethra
Which of the following is true about normal flora in the mouth?
Saliva constantly washes out the mouth
Which of the following is true about the intestinal tract?
Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium make up 90% of all bacteria in the large intestine
Which of the following is a common mode of entry for microbes into the urogenital system?
Intercourse
Which of the following is true about the urethra?
The urine helps flush out bacteria from the urethra
What are some examples of adhesins produced by pathogens?
B. pertussis - filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) binds to sulfatide on cilia of respiratory cells.
What are invasive pathogens?
Pathogens that must enter host cells to live.
How do pathogens evade the body's defenses?
They keep phagocytes from having direct contact by using capsules and surface proteins.
How do pathogens challenge the specific immune system?
They can evade the immune system by changing their surface antigens or attacking antibodies.
How do pathogens damage tissue?
They produce toxins that harm tissue.
What is the definition of health?
Health - a stable state in which all the body’s systems function adequately.
What is the definition of disease?
Disease - an unstable state, ending with either recovery or death. Any deviation from health.
What is normal flora?
Normal flora, or biota, are the bacteria we coexist with in a stable relationship.
What are the surfaces of our body that normal flora inhabit?
Normal flora inhabit the surfaces of our body including the skin, conjunctiva, nasal cavity and nasopharynx, mouth and intestinal tract, vagina, and urethra.
What are the two types of normal microbiota in hosts?
The two types of normal microbiota are resident microbiota and transient microbiota.
What are the three basic types of modes of transmission?
Human contact (direct or indirect), vehicles (inanimate objects), vectors (living transmitters, arthropods)
What is the term for the number of organisms needed to cause death in 50% of test animals?
Lethal dose (LD 50)
What is the term for transmission from mother to infant?
Vertical transmission
What are fomites?
Inanimate objects that transmit disease, such as eating utensils, towels, bedding, handkerchiefs
What are the two types of vectors mentioned in the text?
Biological vectors (infected with the pathogen) and mechanical vectors (not infected with the pathogen)
What are the seven steps to becoming a successful pathogen?
- Maintain a reservoir (a place to live before and after infection), 2. Leave the reservoir and enter a host, 3. Adhere to the surface of the host, 4. Invade the body of the host, 5. Evade the body’s defenses, 6. Multiply within the body, 7. Leave the body and return to its reservoir or enter a new host
What is a carrier?
Someone serving as a reservoir for a pathogen
What are the three types of carriers mentioned in the text?
Incubatory carriers, chronic carriers, and human carriers
What are the two types of reservoirs mentioned in the text?
Living reservoirs and nonliving reservoirs
What is the term for the ability of microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells?
Adherence
What is the role of normal flora on the skin?
Normal flora on the skin helps keep it healthy by occupying space and preventing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria.
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and their hosts?
The three types of symbiotic relationships are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
What is the main function of adhesins?
The main function of adhesins is to allow microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells.
What are the three general defenses of the human body?
The three general defenses of the human body are structural, mechanical, and biochemical.
What is the difference between true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens?
True pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals and are associated with a specific and recognizable disease, while opportunistic pathogens cause disease in immune compromised hosts and require a breach in host defenses to gain access to sterile regions.
What are the major portals of exit for infectious diseases?
Respiratory, Salivary, Skin, Fecal, Urogenital, Blood
What is the study of disease in populations called?
Epidemiology
What method is used to determine the etiologic agent of a disease?
Koch's postulates
What are the three criteria of Koch's postulates?
- The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease.
- The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
- The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant), and the same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.
What are nosocomial infections?
Infectious diseases that are acquired or developed from a hospital stay
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?
Vancomycin
Which antibiotic is considered the drug of choice for the bubonic plague?
Streptomycin
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by preventing peptide bond formation?
Chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic prevents movement of the ribosome along mRNA?
Erythromycin
Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase?
Rifampin
Which antibiotic inhibits folic acid synthesis through competitive inhibition?
Sulfonamides
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall synthesis and is effective against gram-positive bacteria?
Penicillins
Which of the following is NOT a method of drug administration mentioned in the text?
Inhalation therapy
Which of the following is true about systemic therapy?
It is done by a professional
Which of the following is the goal of antimicrobial drugs?
To selectively kill or inhibit microbial cells
Which of the following is NOT a category of antimicrobial drugs based on cell targets?
Inhibition of nucleic acid structure
Which of the following is the best site of action for antimicrobial drugs?
Cell wall
Which of the following is a side effect of using cell membrane as a site of action for antimicrobial drugs?
All of the above
Which of the following drugs form complexes with sterols on fungal membranes?
Polyene antifungal antibiotics
Which of the following is NOT a goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
To promote antimicrobial resistance
What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its toxicity?
It should be toxic to the infectious agent but not to the host
What is the main goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
To administer a drug that destroys the infective agent without harming the host's cells
What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its stability?
It should be stable
What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its solubility?
It should be soluble in the body's tissues and fluids
What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of its effect on the host's immune system and microflora?
It should not disrupt the immune system or microflora of the host
What is the ideal characteristic of an antimicrobial drug in terms of drug resistance?
It should be exempt from drug resistance
Which antibiotic is widely used to treat strep throat and other respiratory infections?
Erythromycin
Which antibiotic group is relatively new, broad spectrum, and has few side effects?
Quinolones
Which antibiotic group is used to treat mycobacterial infections and requires combinations of drugs for effective treatment?
Antimycobacterial Drugs
Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat giardia?
Antiprotozoan
Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat malaria?
Antimalarial
Which type of antimicrobial drug is used to treat tapeworms and roundworms?
Antihelminthic
Which antibiotic group inhibits cell membrane, protein synthesis, and cell division in fungi?
Antifungal agents
What is the term for the process by which strains become drug resistant due to mutation and genetic exchange?
Acquired resistance
What are some ways to slow down the development of antibiotic resistance?
Limit non-medical use of antibiotics
Test your knowledge on carriers and zoonotic infections with this quiz. Learn about different types of carriers, the impact of animal reservoirs on human diseases, and examples of zoonotic infections such as Rabies and Yellow Fever.
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