Zoonotic Diseases and Immune Response

Zoonotic Diseases

• Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from one species to another.

Bacteria

• Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease.

Viruses

• Influenza is a viral disease.

Fungi

• Athlete's foot is a fungal disease.

Protozoa

• Malaria is a protozoan disease.

Helminths

• Schistosomiasis is a helminth disease.

HIV Virus Genetic Material

• HIV's genetic material is RNA.

Antigens

• Antigens are molecules, often proteins or sugars, that trigger an immune response.

HIV Transmission

• HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, sharing utensils, hugging, or mosquito bites.

Antibody Production

• Plasma B cells produce antibodies.

Helper T Cells

• Helper T cells are the cells most affected by HIV.

Memory Cells

• Memory cells, produced from B cells, 'remember' antigens.

Immune Response

• Antigens, entering the body, trigger an immune response.

Plasma Cells

• Plasma cells secrete specific antibodies to fight antigens.

Helper T Cell Function

• Helper T cells activate macrophages, B cells, and T killer cells in the immune response.

Antibiotics Target

• Antibiotics target bacterial processes like membrane formation, ribosome function, and prokaryotic DNA replication.

Antibiotics and Viral Infections

• Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections because they target bacterial processes, not viruses.

Antibiotic Resistance

• Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.

Slowing Antibiotic Resistance

• Prescribing antibiotics only for diagnosed bacterial infections helps reduce resistance.

Skin as First Line of Defence

• The skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Mast Cells

• Mast cells release histamine, triggering inflammation and allowing immune cells to reach infected areas.

Memory Cells Role

• Memory cells "remember" pathogens; re-exposure triggers a faster, stronger immune response.

Post-Vaccination

• Activated B cells divide to form memory cells enabling faster immune responses to future encounters.

Antibody Production Sequence

• Antigen recognition → B and T lymphocyte activation → B lymphocyte division → Plasma cells produce antibodies.

Herd Immunity

• Herd immunity reduces pathogen spread when a large population is immune.

Blood Clotting Cascade

• Released platelets → Prothrombin to thrombin → Fibrinogen to fibrin.

Phagocytosis

• Phagocytes engulf, digest pathogens through endocytosis then digestion in lysosomes.

Vaccines and Second Encounters

• Vaccines stimulate memory cells, leading to faster, stronger responses during subsequent infections.

Vaccine Types

• Live attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens.
• Inactivated vaccines use killed pathogens.
• Subunit vaccines utilize parts of pathogens (proteins, sugars).

HIV Transmission Methods and Immune System Effects

• Breastfeeding: Decreases active lymphocyte count
• Blood transfusion: Decreases antibody production
• Waterborne: Decreases antibody production
• Mosquito bites: Increases active lymphocyte count

HIV and Cell Attack

• HIV attacks lymphocytes, specifically helper T cells.

HIV Properties

• HIV decreases antibody production.

Innate Immune System Component

• Phagocytes are part of the innate immune system.

First-Time Pathogen Exposure

• Antigens on the pathogen stimulate B lymphocytes creating plasma cells that produce antibodies to fight it.

Antibiotic Effectiveness

• Antibiotics block metabolic processes within prokaryotes.

Specific Immunity

• Lymphocytes, producing antibodies in response to blood pathogens, provide specific immunity.

Pathogen Elimination Challenges

• Antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pathogen mutations make pathogen elimination challenging.

Skin Defense

• Skin acts as a multi-layered physical barrier, preventing pathogen entry.
• Defence systems identify and destroy pathogens.
• Clots form to seal openings after an injury.

Adaptive Immune Response Processes

• Helper T cells and B cells alert the body to pathogens.
• B cells produce memory cells for future pathogen recognition.

Thrombin Conversion Product

• Thrombin converts fibrinogen to the insoluble molecule fibrin.

Reducing Antibiotic Resistance

• Doctors and nurses should maintain hand hygiene and ensure antibiotic treatments are completed.

Helper T Cell

• Helper T cells activate macrophages, B cells, and T killer cells.

HIV and Target Cells

• HIV targets helper T cells.

Antigen "Memory" Cells

• Memory B cells "remember" antigens to trigger swift responses on re-exposure.

Molecules Triggering Immune Response

• Antigens trigger the immune response when entering the body.

Vaccine's Body Response

• Vaccines trigger the division of activated B cells into memory cells.

Bacteria Cell Diagram (Note: No diagram available here)

Skin Bacteria Prevention

• The skin acts as a barrier. Cuts lead to blood clot formation, creating a scab barrier.

Mucus and Stomach Acid Bacteria Prevention

• Mucus traps bacteria in respiratory tracts.
• Stomach acid kills bacteria consumed through food or water.

White Blood Cells' Immune Response

• Identify bacterial antigens.
• Engulf, destroy bacteria through phagocytosis.

B Cells and T Cells Role

• B cells produce bacteria-specific antibodies.
• T cells destroy infected cells.

Memory Cell Function

• Some B and T cells become memory cells leading to long-term immunity. Future bacteria re-entry triggers a faster response via memory cells.

Antibody Immune Response Role

• Antibodies bind to and assist in destroying pathogens.