Zoonotic Diseases and Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

What are zoonotic diseases?

  • Diseases that can be passed from one species to another (correct)
  • Diseases that are caused by bacteria
  • Diseases that are caused by fungi
  • Diseases that are caused by viruses

    • Which of the following is a bacterial disease?

  • Athlete's Foot
  • Influenza
  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • Malaria

    • Which of the following is a viral disease?

  • Tuberculosis
  • Influenza (correct)
  • Malaria
  • Athlete's Foot

    • Which of the following is a protozoan disease?

    <p>Malaria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a helminth disease?

    <p>Schistosomiasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic material of the HIV virus?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antigen?

    <p>A molecule, usually a protein or sugar, that triggers an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of HIV transmission?

    <p>Mosquito bites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>Plasma B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are most affected by HIV?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are memory cells?

    <p>Cells produced from B cells that 'remember' antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigens are molecules that enter the body and trigger an immune response.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasma cells?

    <p>Cells that secrete specific antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helper T cells?

    <p>Triggers the activation of macrophages, B cells, and T killer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antibiotics target?

    <p>Bacterial processes such as membrane formation, ribosome function, and prokaryotic DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics should be taken for viral infections.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antibiotic resistance?

    <p>The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply despite antibiotic treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we slow antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Prescribing antibiotics only for diagnosed bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin act as the first line of defense against pathogens?

    <p>It acts as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mast cell release?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

    <p>They 'remember' pathogens to trigger a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After vaccination, activated B cells divide to form memory cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of antibody production?

    <p>Antigen recognition → Activation of B and T lymphocytes → Cell division of B lymphocytes → Plasma cells produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>When a large portion of a population becomes immune, it protects individuals who are not immune by reducing pathogen spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the blood clotting cascade.

    <p>Clotting factors released from platelets → Prothrombin converted to thrombin → Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>The process by which phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the phagocyte engulfing process.

    <p>Endocytosis to ingest the bacterium, followed by digestion in lysosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines stimulate the production of memory cells that respond quickly and effectively to future infections.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of vaccines?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines - Weakened pathogens; Inactivated vaccines - Killed pathogens; Subunit vaccines - Parts of pathogens like proteins or sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of HIV transmission has the effect of decreasing the number of active lymphocytes?

    <p>Breastfeeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are subject to attack by HIV?

    <p>Lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement applies to HIV?

    <p>HIV causes a reduction in the production of antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component of the innate immune system?

    <p>Phagocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system respond to first-time exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>Antigens on the pathogen stimulate B lymphocytes to produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of antibiotics makes them effective in treating infectious diseases?

    <p>Antibiotics block metabolic processes in prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides specific immunity to disease?

    <p>Lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to pathogens in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to eliminate pathogens despite continuous scientific research?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin protect the body from pathogens?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processes are involved in the adaptive immune response to infection?

    <p>Helper T cells and B cells alert the body to the presence of a pathogen. B cells produce memory cells to recognize the pathogen in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombin converts fibrinogen into which insoluble molecule?

    <p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures can help reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell activates macrophages, B cells, and T killer cells?

    <p>Helper T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are affected by HIV infection?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells "remember" antigens for a faster response upon re-exposure?

    <p>Memory B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules trigger an immune response when they enter the body?

    <p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body after the injection of a vaccine?

    <p>Activated B cells divide to form memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin prevent disease-causing bacteria from entering the body?

    <p>The skin acts as a physical barrier. Cuts in the skin form clots, which create scabs as barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mucus and stomach acid prevent bacteria from entering the body?

    <p>Mucus: Traps bacteria in respiratory passages. Stomach acid: Kills bacteria ingested with food or water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of white blood cells in the immune response?

    <p>Identify antigens on bacteria. Engulf and destroy bacteria via phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do B cells and T cells do in the immune response?

    <p>B cells: Produce antibodies specific to the bacteria. T cells: Help destroy infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory cells in immunity?

    <p>Some B and T cells become memory cells, providing long-term immunity. If the same bacteria enter again, the body responds faster due to memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies help in the immune response?

    <p>Antibodies bind to pathogens and help destroy them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Zoonotic Diseases

    • Diseases transmitted between species.

    Types of Pathogens

    • Bacteria: Tuberculosis.
    • Viruses: Influenza.
    • Fungi: Athlete's foot.
    • Protozoa: Malaria.
    • Helminths: Schistosomiasis.

    Components of the Immune System

    • Antigen: A molecule (protein or sugar) triggering an immune response.
    • Plasma B cells: Produce antibodies.
    • Helper T cells: Most affected by HIV. Activate other immune cells.
    • Memory cells (B and T): "Remember" antigens for a faster response.
    • Antigens: Molecules that trigger an immune response.
    • Plasma cells: Make antibodies.
    • Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy pathogens (e.g., via phagocytosis).

    HIV Infection

    • Genetic Material: RNA.
    • Transmission Examples: Casual contact, sharing items, or insect bites (e.g., mosquitoes).
    • Target Cells: Helper T cells (lymphocytes).
    • Effect on Immune System: Reduces antibody production.

    Pathogen Defense Mechanisms

    • Skin: First line of defense; physical barrier.
    • Mast cells: Release histamine, triggering inflammation.
    • Mucus: Traps pathogens.
    • Stomach Acid: Kills ingested pathogens.

    Immune Responses

    • First Exposure: Antigens stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells, making antibodies.
    • Antibodies: Bind to pathogens.
    • Adaptive Immune Response: Helper T cells, B cells, and memory cell formation occur.

    Vaccines

    • Mechanism: Stimulate memory cell production.
    • Types: Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit.
    • Post-Vaccination: Activated B cells form memory cells for quicker future response.
    • Sequence: Antigen recognition, lymphocyte activation, cell division, antibody production.

    Antibiotic Use and Resistance

    • Target: Bacterial processes like membrane formation, DNA replication.
    • Resistance: Bacteria survive treatment.
    • Prevention: Use antibiotics only for bacterial infections.
    • Antibiotics for Viral Infections: Not effective.

    Blood Clotting

    • Cascade: Platelets release factors, converting prothrombin to thrombin.
    • Result: Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

    Herd Immunity

    • Protection of susceptible individuals when many people are immune.

    Immune System Summary

    • Innate immunity: Phagocytes.
    • Adaptive immunity: Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, memory cells).
    • Antibody function: Label and neutralize pathogens.

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    Description

    This quiz explores zoonotic diseases and their transmission between species, along with various types of pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. It also delves into the components of the immune system, including T cells and antibodies, and the impact of HIV infection on the immune response. Test your knowledge of these critical topics in microbiology and immunology.

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