Zoonotic Diseases and Immune Response

Diseases that can be passed from one species to another.

A molecule, usually a protein or sugar, that triggers an immune response.

Cells produced from B cells that 'remember' antigens.

Cells that secrete specific antibodies.

Triggers the activation of macrophages, B cells, and T killer cells.

The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply despite antibiotic treatment.

It acts as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body.

Histamine; it triggers inflammation and allows immune cells to reach the affected area.

They 'remember' pathogens to trigger a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure.

Activated B cells divide to form memory cells, enabling a quicker immune response in future encounters.

Antigen recognition → Activation of B and T lymphocytes → Cell division of B lymphocytes → Plasma cells produce antibodies.

When a large portion of a population becomes immune, it protects individuals who are not immune by reducing pathogen spread.

Clotting factors released from platelets → Prothrombin converted to thrombin → Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

The process by which phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.

Endocytosis to ingest the bacterium, followed by digestion in lysosomes.

Vaccines stimulate the production of memory cells that respond quickly and effectively to future infections.

Live attenuated vaccines - Weakened pathogens; Inactivated vaccines - Killed pathogens; Subunit vaccines - Parts of pathogens like proteins or sugars.

Lymphocytes

HIV causes a reduction in the production of antibodies.

Phagocytes

Antigens on the pathogen stimulate B lymphocytes to produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

Antibiotics block metabolic processes in prokaryotes.

Lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to pathogens in the blood.

Development of antibiotic resistance in viruses Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria Mutations of pathogens

The skin acts as a physical barrier with multiple layers. Defense systems alert or kill pathogens. Clots form after an injury to seal openings.

Helper T cells and B cells alert the body to the presence of a pathogen. B cells produce memory cells to recognize the pathogen in the future.

Fibrin

Doctors and nurses washing hands between consultations, ensuring antibiotic courses are completed.

Helper T cell

Helper T cells

Memory B cells

Antigens

Activated B cells divide to form memory cells.

Mucus: Traps bacteria in respiratory passages. Stomach acid: Kills bacteria ingested with food or water.

Identify antigens on bacteria. Engulf and destroy bacteria via phagocytosis.

B cells: Produce antibodies specific to the bacteria. T cells: Help destroy infected cells.

Some B and T cells become memory cells, providing long-term immunity. If the same bacteria enter again, the body responds faster due to memory cells.

Antibodies bind to pathogens and help destroy them.