Zoology Overview and Branches
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What is the primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)?

  • Manufacture lipids and detoxify poisons (correct)
  • Synthesize proteins for secretion
  • Store genetic material
  • Transport water molecules

    • Which cellular organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?

  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes (correct)

    • What is the main role of mitochondria in the cell?

  • Release energy from food molecules (correct)
  • Synthesize lipids for cell membranes
  • Provide structural support to the cell
  • Transport materials within the cell

    • Which branch of zoology focuses on the study of fish?

    <p>Ichthyology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Entomology?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subfield of zoology addresses the distribution of animals?

    <p>Distributional Zoology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Phylogeny' in zoology refer to?

    <p>The study of the development of a group or race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that life originated from non-living things?

    <p>Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch specializes in the study of parasitic organisms?

    <p>Parasitology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Malacology focus on studying?

    <p>Soft-bodied animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following subfields is concerned with historical records of animals?

    <p>Historical Zoology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does morphological study focus on in Zoology?

    <p>The form and shape of structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of zoological study involves the examination of tissues?

    <p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of developmental zoology?

    <p>The growth and development of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do homologous structures play in zoological studies?

    <p>They have the same embryonic origin with different functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an analogous structure?

    <p>Lungs of mammals and gills of fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phototaxis' refer to in animal behavior?

    <p>Movement towards or away from light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'irritability' in animals?

    <p>The capacity to respond to environmental stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geotaxis refers to an organism's response to which factor?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an acidic solution?

    <p>A pH less than 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Regulating substance flow in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is a part of the cell theory?

    <p>All living things are composed of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do not have a membrane-enclosed nucleus?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>Providing rigidity and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle contains genetic material in the form of DNA?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trait of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Contain a defined nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pH values indicates a very basic solution?

    <p>pH 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is characterized by collagenous fibers that do not tear easily?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary and striated?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nerve tissues?

    <p>Conduction of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron carries messages away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the integument?

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animals are characterized as poikilothermous?

    <p>Cold-blooded animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In coelenterates, how many layers of cells make up the epidermis?

    <p>Single layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is involved in fat storage?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Zoology: The Study of Animals

    • Zoology encompasses understanding the properties, characteristics, habitats, and populations of animals.
    • There are various branches that explore different aspects of animal life.

    Structural Zoology

    • Morphology: Studies the external form and structure of organisms.
    • Anatomy: Examines the internal structures through dissection.
    • Histology: Focuses on the microscopic structure and function of tissues.
    • Cytology: Studies the structure and function of cells.

    Developmental Zoology

    • Embryology: Explores growth and development inside the fertilized egg.
      • Homologous Structures: Have the same embryonic origin but different functions (e.g., human arms, bird wings, fish fins).
      • Analogous Structures: Have different embryonic origins but perform the same function (e.g., human lungs, shark gills, and bony fish gills - all for respiration).
    • Ontogeny: Studies the development of an individual organism from fertilization to adulthood.
    • Genetics: Investigates heredity and variation in organisms.

    Functional Zoology

    • Physiology: Examines the functions and processes of living organisms.
    • Animal Behaviour: Studies how animals respond to stimuli (factors in the environment that trigger a response).
      • Irritability: An organism's capacity to react to stimuli.
      • Taxis (animals) or Tropism (plants): Automatic movement towards or away from the source of a stimuli. This reaction can be positive or negative.
        • Types of Taxis:
          • Thigmotaxis: Response to contact, pressure, or touch.
          • Geotaxis: Response to gravity.
          • Thermotaxis: Response to temperature.
          • Rheotaxis: Response to air or water current.
          • Heliotaxis: Response to light.
          • Hydrotaxis: Response to water.
          • Phototaxis: Response to artificial light.
          • Chemotaxis: Response to chemicals.
          • Galvanotaxis: Response to electricity.
          • Chromotaxis: Response to color

    Systematic Zoology or Taxonomy

    • Studies and classifies animals systematically.
    • Specializations within zoology:
      • Protozoology: Studies one-celled animals (protists).
      • Ichthyology: Studies fish.
      • Entomology: Studies insects.
      • Conchology: Studies shells (primarily mollusks).
      • Parasitology: Studies parasitic organisms.
      • Mammalogy: Studies mammals, animals that feed their young with mammary glands.
      • Herpetology: Studies reptiles and amphibians.
      • Ornithology: Studies birds.
      • Helminthology: Studies worms, particularly parasitic forms.
      • Malacology: Studies mollusks (soft-bodied animals).

    Distributional Zoology

    • Studies the spatial distribution of animals.
    • Zoogeography: Investigates the distribution of animals across the Earth.
    • Ecology: Studies the relationship between living organisms and their environment.
      • Convergence: Different animal groups evolve similar forms due to similar environmental conditions. (e.g. fish-like shapes in fish, ichthyosaurs (reptiles), and whales).
      • Divergence: Organisms from the same group evolve different forms due to diverse environments (e.g. whales (aquatic), humans (terrestrial), bats (aerial).

    Historical Zoology

    • Studies the history of animal life.
    • Paleontology : Studies fossils and remains of animals and plants, and their distribution in time.
    • Phylogeny: Studies the evolutionary history of groups of organisms.
    • Evolution: Studies the origin and diversification of animal life.

    Economic Zoology

    • Explores the economic value of animals.

    Medical Zoology

    • Studies the interactions of animals and human health.
    • Parasitology: Studies parasites and their effects on human health.
    • Pathology: Investigates the causes, symptoms, and nature of diseases.

    Life and Its Origins

    • Life: The sum total of all bodily activities of an organism.
    • Theories on the origin of life:
      • Divine or Special Creation Theory: Life originated from a supernatural power (God).
      • Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation Theory (Aristotle): Life originated from non-living matter.

    Acidic and Basic Solutions

    • Acidic Solution: Contains more Hydrogen ions (H+) than Hydroxide ions (OH-) (pH < 7). It tends to have a sour taste and can be highly corrosive in concentrated forms.
    • Basic Solution: Contains more Hydroxide ions (OH-) than Hydrogen ions (H+) (pH > 7). It tends to feel slippery (soapy) and have a bitter taste.
    • pH Scale: Measures the acidity and alkalinity of solutions, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic). A pH of 7 is neutral.

    The Cellular Structures, Processes, and Functions

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • Cells are the basic units of life, and all chemical reactions of life occur within them.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

    Human Cells

    • The largest human cell is the egg cell (ovum).
    • **Sperm cells are small but contain a large amount of DNA. **

    Types of Cells

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a membrane-bound nucleus (e.g., bacteria) - unicellular.
    • Eukaryotic Cells: Have a defined nucleus and cell organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi) - mostly multicellular.

    Common Cell Organelles

    • Cell Membrane: Outermost layer of cells, separating the interior and exterior environments; regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is semi-permeable, selectively allowing materials to pass through.
    • Cell Wall: The outermost structure of plant cells, made of cellulose and other substances. Provides rigidity and strength.
    • Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing DNA, the genetic blueprint.
      • Nucleoplasm: The protoplasm within the nucleus.
      • Chromosomes: Thread-like bodies visible during cell division, containing the genes (units of heredity).
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and lipid production.
      • Smooth ER: Manufactures lipids, detoxifies poisons, and transports carbohydrates, lipids, and other non-protein molecules.
      • Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins destined for secretion outside the cell.
    • Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, where chemical energy is released from food molecules to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digesting foreign particles that enter the cell.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins before they are transported out of the cell.
    • Vacuoles: Storage containers for food, water, and waste products.
      • Sap Vacuoles: Give cells shape.
      • Contractile Vacuoles: Store waste for later release.
      • Food Vacuoles: Store food.
    • Centrioles: Aid in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division in animal cells.

    Cellular Reproduction/Cell Division

    • Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF): A protein that triggers cell division.
    • Cell Division: Essential for replacing old or damaged cells.
      • Mother or Parent Cells: Divide to produce daughter cells.
    • Types of cell division:
      • Amitosis (Direct Cell Division): Simple division in unicellular organisms where genetic material replicates.
      • Mitosis (Indirect Cell Division): Division of somatic (body) cells. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, thus maintaining the genetic integrity of the organism.
      • Meiosis (Gamete Formation): Division of reproductive cells to produce gametes (sperm and egg). This ensures the creation of haploid gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, which is vital for sexual reproduction.

    Mitosis Cell Cycle

    • Interphase (G1 Phase): Chromosomes are single-stranded and uncoiled - cell growth.
    • S Phase: Duplication of DNA; chromosomes become double-stranded.
    • G2 Phase: Preparation for cell division; organelles are duplicated.
    • M Phase (Mitosis): Actual process of cell division.

    Animal Tissues

    • Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces and lines cavities.
      • Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells.
      • Stratified Epithelium: Multiple layers of cells.
    • Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues.
      • Loose Connective Tissues: Contain collagenous fibers for strength, elastic fibers for flexibility, and adipose tissue for fat storage. Blood is a type of loose connective tissue with a liquid matrix (plasma).
      • Fibrous Connective Tissues: Dense, tightly woven fibers arranged in parallel bundles. Found in tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.
    • Muscle Tissue: Composed of contractile cells.
      • Skeletal Muscle (Striated): Voluntary movement; under conscious control.
      • Smooth Muscle (Non-Striated): Involuntary movement. Controls internal organs (e.g., intestines, uterus, stomach, urinary bladder).
      • Cardiac Muscle (Striated): Involuntary movement; controls the heart.
    • Nerve Tissue: Consists of neurons (nerve cells) that transmit messages throughout the body.
      • Neurons: Specialized cells, the building blocks of the nervous system, that transmit signals through electrical impulses.
      • Parts of a neuron:
        • Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.
        • Dendrites: Branch-like extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
        • Axon: A single, long projection that carries signals away from the cell body.

    Invertebrate Integument (Skin)

    • Integument: The outer covering of the body, serving various functions.
    • Functions:
      • Protection: Against mechanical injury, foreign organisms, and environmental factors.
      • Secretion:
      • Excretion:
      • Sensation:
      • Respiration: (In some animals, like frogs, the skin serves as an accessory respiratory organ).
      • Absorption: (Allows for water uptake).
      • Body Temperature Regulation:
    • Types of animals by temperature regulation:
      • Homiothermous: Maintain a stable internal body temperature (e.g., birds and mammals).
      • Poikilothermous: Body temperature fluctuates with the environment (e.g., reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects).
    • Invertebrate Integument:
      • Protozoa: Possess a delicate cell membrane (e.g., Amoeba) or a firm and elastic pellicle (e.g., Paramecium).
      • Multicellular Animals: - Coelenterata: Single layer of cells make up the epidermis (soft-bodied animals).

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    General Zoology Lecture Notes 2022 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating field of zoology, which focuses on the properties, characteristics, and habitats of animals. This quiz covers various branches such as morphology, anatomy, and embryology, delving into the study of animal forms and their development. Test your knowledge on the intricate details of structural and developmental zoology.

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