Zoology 2nd Semester Midterm 2022

Study Notes

Zoology Overview

Zoology combines "zoon" (animal) and "logy" (study), focused on understanding animal life, their properties, populations, habitats, and characteristics.

Structural Zoology

Comprises the study of animal structures:
- Morphology: Examines form and shape of organisms as a whole.
- Anatomy: Investigates organism structures revealed through dissection.
- Histology: Studies microstructures and functions of tissues.
- Cytology: Explores structures and functions within cells.

Developmental Zoology

Focuses on animal development:
- Embryology: Studies growth within the fertilized egg; identifies homologous (same origin, different function) and analogous structures (different origin, same function).
- Ontogeny: Examines individual development.
- Genetics: Analyzes heredity and variation in organisms.

Functional Zoology

Centers on animal functions:
- Physiology: Studies living processes and functions in animals.
- Animal Behavior: Investigates responses to environmental stimuli; includes irritability, taxis (directional movement), and tropism (plant equivalent).
- Various types of taxis classified by stimuli:
  - Thigmotaxis: Response to touch.
  - Geotaxis: Response to gravity.
  - Thermotaxis: Response to temperature.
  - Rheotaxis: Response to currents.
  - Heliotaxis: Response to light.
  - Hydrotaxis: Response to water.
  - Phototaxis: Response to artificial light.
  - Chemotaxis: Response to chemicals.
  - Galvanotaxis: Response to electricity.
  - Chromotaxis: Response to color.

Systematic Zoology (Taxonomy)

Classifies animals into sub-disciplines:
- Protozoology: Study of one-celled organisms.
- Ichthyology: Study of fishes.
- Herpetology: Study of reptiles.
- Entomology: Study of insects.
- Ornithology: Study of birds.
- Conchology: Study of shells.
- Helminthology: Study of worms, especially parasitic.
- Parasitology: Study of parasitic organisms.
- Malacology: Study of mollusks.
- Mammalogy: Study of mammals and their characteristics.

Distributional Zoology

Studies the distribution of animals:
- Zoogeography: Examines animal distribution across air, water, or land.
- Ecology: Investigates relations between animals and their environment, including:
  - Convergence: Different groups develop similar forms due to environmental similarities (e.g., fish-like structures).
  - Divergence: Same groups assume different forms due to environmental differences (e.g., mammals adapting to water or air).

Historical Zoology

Focuses on the history of animal life:
- Paleontology: Studies fossils and their distribution over time.
- Phylogeny: Investigates development of specific groups or races.
- Evolution: Examines the origin and differentiation of animal life.

Economic Zoology

Explores the economic value of animal species for human benefit.

Medical Zoology

Investigates the medical relevance of animals:
- Parasitology: Studies parasitic organisms.
- Pathology: Analyzes nature, symptoms, and causes of diseases.

Life Definition

Life is the totality of all bodily activities and functions of an organism.

Theories on the Origin of Life

Discusses various theories, including Divine or Special Creation.

Description

This quiz focuses on the core concepts of general zoology, including the study of animal life, their structures, and characteristics. It covers topics from structural zoology such as morphology and anatomy, to enhance understanding of animal populations and their habitats.