Zoology: First Organisms

• Zoology studies animals scientifically.

First Organisms

• Kingdom Archeobacteria thrives in extreme conditions.
• Kingdom Eubacteria are commonly found near volcanically active areas.
• Kingdom Protista can be unicellular or multicellular and either heterotrophic or autotrophic.
• Cyanobacteria are ancient fossils, approximately 3.5 billion years old.
• Slime molds are single-celled organisms in decaying leaves and soil.
• Amoebas are unicellular organisms that change shape using pseudopods, found in protozoa, fungi, algae, and animals.
• Euglena are unicellular freshwater organisms in nutrient-rich waters.
• Dinoflagellates constitute a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, usually considered protists.
• Paramecia are single-celled protists in aquatic habitats, with cilia.
• Non-human species are sometimes used to understand biological processes.
• Diatoms are single-celled algae with glass-like houses, converting sunlight into sugar and producing 20-30% of Earth's oxygen and long-chain fatty acids.
• Macroalga are multicellular photosynthetic organisms rich in protein, lipids, and polysaccharides in marine environments.
• Kingdom Fungi are mostly multicellular heterotrophs with external digestion.
• Nitrogen fixation transforms atmospheric N2 into reactive compounds.
• Kingdom Plantae are multicellular and autotrophic.
• Kingdom Animalia are multicellular and heterotrophic.

Divisions

• Zoology, botany, and microbiology are major biological divisions.
• DNA allows all organisms to pass along hereditary traits.
• Organisms are arranged in a structural hierarchy.
• Part of their life is growth and development.
• Reproduction creates new organisms of the same type.
• All organisms adapt and respond to stimuli.
• Cell is the smallest unit capable of life functions.
• Living organisms require energy for growth, development, and reproduction.

Science

• "Scientia" builds and organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions.
• Natural science includes physical science and biology, and social science deals with human relations.
• Structural zoology studies anatomy, morphology, and development.
• Morphology examines shape, structure, and organization.
• Histology looks at microscopic tissue structure.
• Anatomy focuses on structure and organization.
• Cytology looks at cell structure, function, and behavior.
• Developmental zoology studies growth from embryogenesis to adulthood.
• Genetics studies genes and variations
• Ontogeny examines the development of growth of conception to maturity
• Embryology examines embryo development, from fertilization to birth.
• Functional zoology studies physiological and biochemical processes.
• Animal physiology looks at processes within animals
• Systematic zoology or taxonomy classifies animals.
• Mammology studies mammals.
• Entomology is the study of insects
• Protozoology is the study of single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
• Herpetology studies reptiles and amphibians.
• Conchology studies mollusks and their shells.
• Ornithology studies birds
• Ichthyology studies fishes.
• Distributional zoology studies geographic distribution.
• Zoogeography examines animal distribution
• Ecology studies animal-environment relations.
• Economic zoology studies the industrial values of animals
• Medical zoology includes:
• Parasitology which studies parasites and their impact on other organisms
• Pathology studies disease causes and symptoms

Taxonomy

• Taxonomy collects, identifies, names, and systematically groups organisms.
• The phrase "Di Ka Po Casi Online Forda Galit Sya" can be used as a mnemonic to remember the order of taxonomic ranks, which are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Binomial nomenclature as a system gives each species a scientific name.
• Carolus Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy, introduced this system in 1753.
• Scientific names must be in Greek or Latin.
• The genus name comes first with the first letter capitalized.
• The same name should not be used for multiple species in the same genus.
• Scientific names must be underlined or italicized.
• The author who described the species should be written after the scientific name (e.g., Homo sapiens Linnaeus).
• Charles Darwin wrote "The Origin of Species" in 1859.
• Evolution involves adaptation and speciation.
• Adaptation involves species modifying phenotypes.
• Speciation is when a single species can give rise to two or more descendant species

Natural Selection & Survival

• Natural selection occurs as more offspring are produced than resources available, which creates a struggle for existence.
• Phenotype must vary and be inheritable
• Adjustment of genes over generations to suit living conditions constitutes the survival of the fittest
• Predators can cause the conditioning element in the process by preferring certain species, such as blue bugs.

Survival in the Fittest in Nature

• Access to food drives evolution, such as long-necked giraffes surviving where trees are tall.
• Climate conditions favor certain traits, like larger beaks for Galapagos finches during droughts.
• Changing colors help species survive.
• An example of this would be the peppered moths turning darker
• Success in mating impacts fitness
• Female peacocks often select partners with bright plumage
• Effective communication also helps survival
• Warrior ants use chemical signals
• Adaptation of physical features contributes to the access of food
• The moray eel developed subsequent, more powerful set of teeth for eating prey
• Adaptations in growth
• The field mustard plant shortened its growth during a drought

Fitness

• Fitness is a measure of reproductive success.
• Survival traits that promote survival at least one's reproductive years are over increases fitness
• Sexual selection occurs when females choose among available males.
• Assortative Mating when one phenotype prefers to mate with others of the same phenotype
• Fecundity Selection focuses on producing a large number of mature offspring.
• Selection occurs with earlier Breeding if some females become sexually mature earlier than others, their chances of leaving offspring are enhanced.
• Medical advances have reduced the impacts of natural selection on humans.
• Mortality selection includes spontaneous abortions.
• 30% of pregnancies terminate and 5% for death in infancy and childhood with 20% of adults never marrying.
• Sexual selection has a 20% chance surviving into adulthood
• Fecundity selection can cause children too not be born
• Animal phylogeny describes evolutionary relationships between phyla.
• Phyla is a principal taxonomic category
• Porifera means pore-bearing
• Class Calcarea has needle shaped spicules that are three or four-rayed
• Class Hexactinellida spicules are silica and six-rayed
• Class Demospongiae are colored sponges with four-rayed siliceous spicules
• Class Homoscleromorpha has small and simple shape or absent spicules in shallow areas to depths of 1,000 m

Animal Types

• Cnidaria includes soft-bodied stinging animals.
• Class Hydrozoa includes common cnidarians in marine and freshwater (Hydra)
• Class Scyphozoa are known as the "true jellyfish"
• Class Staurozoa are "stalk jellyfish" attached to rocks in cold water
• Class Cubozoa are "box jellyfish" due to the cuboidal shape.
• Class Anthozoa are anemones and stony corals
• Ctenophora are comb-bearing marine invertebrates.
• Echinodermata includes starfishes, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
• Chordata: Includes animals with a flexible rod (chord) supporting their dorsal side.
• Most are vertebrates

Worms

• Platyhelminthes a phylum of invertebrates comprising flatworms.
• Class Turbellaria are free-living bottom dweller
• Colors shown are Black, brown, gray, bright
• Class Monogenea: Monogenetic flukes = only one generation in their life cycle with adult developing from one egg
• Mostly external parasites attach to the gill filliaments and feed on epithelial cells, mucus or blood
• Class Trematoda is about 10,000 parasitic flatworms called flukes
• Adult Flukes: Parasites of vertebrates
• Immature Stages: Found in vertebrates, invertebrates, encysted on plants
• Class Cestoidea are tapeworms or "cestodes" which are a specialized class of flatworms

More Worms & Mollsucs

• Rotifera means wheel-bearer able to change the shape of their bodies
• Worms include soil, and parasitic creatures that are thread like
• Mollusca are invertebrate animals that consists of clams, barnacle, snails and squids, having soft segmented bodies
• Class Gastropoda are the largest and most varied mollusc class
• Class Bivalvia are the second largest molluscan class with 15000 species
• Class Cephalopoda are the most complex invertebrates
• Class Scaphopoda are "tooth shells" or "tusk shells", living in moderate depths
• Class Monoplacophora are divided arch shells
• Class caudofoveata are worm-like molluscs, living in deep sea floors

Arthropoda

• Arthropoda = invertebrate animals with segmented body and appendage joints.
• Class Merostomata (Horseshoe Crabs)
• Giant Water Scorpions (Eurypterida) Classes Involve
• Class Arachinda- Spiders, ticks, mites
• Scorpionida-Sorpions are secretive and nocuturnal
• Araneae- Spiders
• Opiliones- Daddy longles
• Acarina- Mites, Ticks
• ClassPycnogonida- sea spiders, common cold waters
• Class Diplopoda-millipedes
• Class Chilopoda- Centipedes

Genetics

• Annelida are "ringed" segmented worms
• Nematoda are thread like and have organisms such as hookworms and pinworms
• Genetics studies heredity
• Johann Mendel is the father of genetics used Pisumsativum- garden pea for his study of inheritance
• Plants contain the f1, f2 filial 224- violet flowers, (and 705-white flower)
• Hybridization happens while mating two true, breeding individuals with different traits

Trait & Crosses

• Traits are variations in physical appearance of a heritable characteristic
• Reciprocal Cross is the respective trait of male and female
• Dominant traits are Inherited, unchanged in hybridization
• Recessive Traits: Disappear in the offspring in hybridization
• Phenotype: Observable traits
• Genotype: Underlying genetic makeup
• Allele: Expressed unit factor
• Recessive Allele: Latent unit factor
• Punnett Square chart easily determines the % of different genotypes
• Test Cross pairing an organism with a homozygous recessive
• Incomplete Dominance no allele is dominant with pairing
• Codominance both alleles are expressed

Genes

• Multiple Alleles

• People with the O blood type can only receive from blood type O

• Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium / Principle is used to compare allele frequencies in a given population by creating rules

• Rules

• No Gene Mutation

• No Migration

• Random Mating

• No Genetic Drift

• No Natural Selection

• H - W Principle - Used to compute H - W principle

Molecules

• Biomolecules involved in maintenance
• Macromolecules- polymers built from monomers like Proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, and Lipids
• Functional Groups- of accessory elements attached to molecules
• Carbohydrates involved in providing energy and food
• Includes sugars and polymers = ose
  • Monosaccharides- a simple glucose carbohydrates
  • Disaccharides- 2 molecules of the simple sugar sucrose
  • Polysaccharides- Sugar is a starch in animals and amylase in plants. Glucose is a combination that supports cell walls Cell Walls.
• Lipids involved in energy storage and is made from soluble that are non-polar solvents in the body, that is located in food like whole milk, cheese (fats, oil and butter)

Hormones, Steroids

• Steroids- "hormones" , chemical messenger that supports cells and helps cortisol
  • Testosterone, produces sperm Hormones include
  • Thyroxine that supports muscle and cardiac functions
  • Insulin-Produced regulate sugar Progesterone and hormones produce the breasts
  • Melatonin produced response darkness
  • Adrenaline - fight the epinephrine
  • Oxytocin- simulates contraction of the uterus during breastfeeding
  • Aldosterone regulates blood pressure Prolactin- initiates and maintains milk production in the breast-milk for females Dopamine helps focus
• Proteins- building blocks of the body ( wax-like substances ) that contains cholersterol found in animals
• Enzymes - help digest fat in the gut
• Hormones - create things
• Glucose - breaks sugar
• Trypsin- protein break to the small intesine
• Lactase - helps digests the sugar and into the DNA
• Nuclei Acid - genetic material
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid/DNA- carries hereditary from parents to progeny
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) carries hereditary material

Elements & Support

13 Principal elements in the cell- the main chemical is Carbon

• Inorganic support that has Vitamins are also considered essential molecules. The water should be pure for chemical reaction
• Nutrients also give you protein
• Organic that contains hydrogen and carbon

Naming Names & Animals

• Includes scientific names like Cattus Felis, Crocodylus, Delphinidaes, Bubalus,Hippopotamus among many others
• Also contains Finches names by Charles Darwin