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Questions and Answers
What characteristic do Bilaterians have in common?
Which of the following phyla did not appear during the Cambrian period?
What is believed to be a factor in the Cambrian Explosion?
What group of organisms are the closest relatives to animals?
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What event marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?
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What type of symmetry do Choanoflagellates have?
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What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?
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What is the characteristic of epithelial cells that enables them to interface with the environment?
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What was the dominant terrestrial vertebrate during the time of the dinosaurs?
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What is a characteristic of the ancestors of plesiosaurs?
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What is the composition of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
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What is the function of collagenous fibers in connective tissue?
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What is the term for the two different faces of epithelial cells?
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What is the function of reticular fibers in connective tissue?
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What is the characteristic of connective tissue that allows it to bind to other tissues?
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What is the term for the movement of material into and out of cells?
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Which of the following groups of organisms is characterized by having a body temperature that varies with its environment?
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Which of the following is an example of a behavioral response to control body temperature?
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What is the primary mechanism by which homeotherms maintain a relatively constant body temperature?
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Which of the following processes is NOT a way in which organisms exchange heat?
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Which of the following groups of organisms is characterized by having a body temperature that is relatively constant?
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Which of the following is an example of an adaptation that helps animals thermoregulate?
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What is the term for the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of ectotherms?
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What is the primary function of mucus in the stomach?
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What type of transportation occurs in epithelial cells in the digestive system?
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What is the primary function of the cecum in the large intestine?
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What is the role of the appendix in the human digestive system?
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What is the primary function of the colon in the large intestine?
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What is the composition of feces in the large intestine?
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What is the function of the duodenum in the small intestine?
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What is the function of the two sphincters between the rectum and anus?
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What is the primary factor that affects metabolic rate in both endotherms and ectotherms?
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How does the duration of an activity affect an animal's maximum metabolic rate?
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What is the typical range of energy consumption for most terrestrial animals compared to their BMR or SMR?
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What is the primary difference between BMR and SMR?
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Which of the following factors does not affect an animal's energy budget devoted to activity?
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What is the primary function of the integumentary system in relation to metabolic rate?
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Why do ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms of comparable size?
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What is the relationship between metabolic rate and age?
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Study Notes
Protists and Bilaterians
- Choanoflagellates are protists with morphological and molecular evidence as the closest relatives to animals.
- Bilaterians have bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, and one-way digestive system.
Cambrian Explosion and the Decline of the Ediacaran Biota
- The Cambrian Explosion refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period.
- A few animal phyla appear even earlier: sponges, cnidarians, and mollusks.
- Hypotheses regarding the Cambrian Explosion and the decline of the Ediacaran Biota include:
- New predator-prey relationships
- A rise in atmospheric oxygen levels
- The evolution of the Hox gene complex
Cenozoic Era
- The Cenozoic Era began 65.5 million years ago and continues to the present.
- It followed the mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals, including large, non-flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles.
Physiology
- Physiology is the study of biological functions an organism performs.
- In vertebrates, interstitial fluid allows for the movement of material into and out of cells.
Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
- Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions.
- Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems.
- Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues, containing sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
- Three types of connective tissue fibers are collagenous, reticular, and elastic, all made of protein.
Body Temperature Regulation
- Poikilotherms have varying body temperatures, while homeotherms have relatively constant body temperatures.
- Ectotherms and endotherms have different relationships between heat source and body temperature.
- Behavioral responses, such as huddling or posture, can control body temperature in ectotherms and endotherms.
- Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.
- Thermogenesis is the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature.
Heat Regulation in Mammals
- Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate: an animal's heat loss, measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products, activity, and metabolic rate.
- Metabolic rate can be determined by oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production, and energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products.
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is an endotherm's metabolic rate at rest at a comfortable temperature, while Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) is an ectotherm's metabolic rate at rest at a specific temperature.
The Integumentary System
- The skin consists of the cutaneous membrane and its accessory organs, comprising three layers of tissue.
- Mucus lubricates and protects the stomach lining from gastric juice.
Digestive System
- The small intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal, where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs.
- The large intestine completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine, and the colon has a role in immunity.
- Feces include undigested material and bacteria, becoming more solid as they move through the colon.
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of choanoflagellates and bilaterians, including their morphological and molecular features, and their significance in evolutionary history.
