Protist and Bilaterian Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic do Bilaterians have in common?

  • Two-way digestive system
  • Radial symmetry
  • Bilateral symmetry (correct)
  • Incomplete digestive tract

    • Which of the following phyla did not appear during the Cambrian period?

  • Sponges
  • Mollusks
  • Reptiles (correct)
  • Cnidarians

    • What is believed to be a factor in the Cambrian Explosion?

  • Decrease in atmospheric oxygen levels
  • Mass extinction of terrestrial animals
  • Evolution of the Hox gene complex (correct)
  • Rise of the Ediacaran Biota

    • What group of organisms are the closest relatives to animals?

    <p>Choanoflagellates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?

    <p>Mass extinction of dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symmetry do Choanoflagellates have?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>To provide structural support and binding to other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epithelial cells that enables them to interface with the environment?

    <p>Their polarity, with distinct apical and basal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant terrestrial vertebrate during the time of the dinosaurs?

    <p>Dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the ancestors of plesiosaurs?

    <p>They were reptiles that returned to the water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>A foundation of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of collagenous fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>To provide strength and flexibility to connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the two different faces of epithelial cells?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of reticular fibers in connective tissue?

    <p>To join connective tissue to adjacent tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of connective tissue that allows it to bind to other tissues?

    <p>Its sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of material into and out of cells?

    <p>Exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of organisms is characterized by having a body temperature that varies with its environment?

    <p>Poikilotherms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a behavioral response to control body temperature?

    <p>Huddling together during cold weather to retain heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which homeotherms maintain a relatively constant body temperature?

    <p>Thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a way in which organisms exchange heat?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of organisms is characterized by having a body temperature that is relatively constant?

    <p>Homeotherms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an adaptation that helps animals thermoregulate?

    <p>Hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature?

    <p>Thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ectotherms?

    <p>Body temperature varies with environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucus in the stomach?

    <p>To protect the stomach lining from gastric juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transportation occurs in epithelial cells in the digestive system?

    <p>Both passive and active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cecum in the large intestine?

    <p>To ferment plant material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the appendix in the human digestive system?

    <p>To play a minor role in immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the colon in the large intestine?

    <p>To complete the reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of feces in the large intestine?

    <p>Undigested material and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the duodenum in the small intestine?

    <p>To facilitate chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the two sphincters between the rectum and anus?

    <p>To control bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects metabolic rate in both endotherms and ectotherms?

    <p>Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the duration of an activity affect an animal's maximum metabolic rate?

    <p>It is inversely proportional to the duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of energy consumption for most terrestrial animals compared to their BMR or SMR?

    <p>2-4 times BMR/SMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between BMR and SMR?

    <p>BMR is for endotherms, SMR is for ectotherms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does not affect an animal's energy budget devoted to activity?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system in relation to metabolic rate?

    <p>Regulation of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms of comparable size?

    <p>Because they do not regulate their body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between metabolic rate and age?

    <p>Metabolic rate decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protists and Bilaterians

    • Choanoflagellates are protists with morphological and molecular evidence as the closest relatives to animals.
    • Bilaterians have bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, and one-way digestive system.

    Cambrian Explosion and the Decline of the Ediacaran Biota

    • The Cambrian Explosion refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period.
    • A few animal phyla appear even earlier: sponges, cnidarians, and mollusks.
    • Hypotheses regarding the Cambrian Explosion and the decline of the Ediacaran Biota include:
      • New predator-prey relationships
      • A rise in atmospheric oxygen levels
      • The evolution of the Hox gene complex

    Cenozoic Era

    • The Cenozoic Era began 65.5 million years ago and continues to the present.
    • It followed the mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals, including large, non-flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles.

    Physiology

    • Physiology is the study of biological functions an organism performs.
    • In vertebrates, interstitial fluid allows for the movement of material into and out of cells.

    Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

    • Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions.
    • Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems.
    • Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues, containing sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
    • Three types of connective tissue fibers are collagenous, reticular, and elastic, all made of protein.

    Body Temperature Regulation

    • Poikilotherms have varying body temperatures, while homeotherms have relatively constant body temperatures.
    • Ectotherms and endotherms have different relationships between heat source and body temperature.
    • Behavioral responses, such as huddling or posture, can control body temperature in ectotherms and endotherms.
    • Organisms exchange heat by four physical processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.
    • Thermogenesis is the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature.

    Heat Regulation in Mammals

    • Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate: an animal's heat loss, measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products, activity, and metabolic rate.
    • Metabolic rate can be determined by oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production, and energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products.
    • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is an endotherm's metabolic rate at rest at a comfortable temperature, while Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) is an ectotherm's metabolic rate at rest at a specific temperature.

    The Integumentary System

    • The skin consists of the cutaneous membrane and its accessory organs, comprising three layers of tissue.
    • Mucus lubricates and protects the stomach lining from gastric juice.

    Digestive System

    • The small intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal, where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs.
    • The large intestine completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine, and the colon has a role in immunity.
    • Feces include undigested material and bacteria, becoming more solid as they move through the colon.

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    General Biology 2 5-8 Modules - PDF

    Description

    Learn about the characteristics of choanoflagellates and bilaterians, including their morphological and molecular features, and their significance in evolutionary history.

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