48 Questions
Where are collections of neuronal cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Ganglia
What is a distinguishing feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in comparison to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Axons/nerves in the PNS can sometimes regenerate after damage
What forms a relatively thin layer superficially in the brain?
Gray matter
Which part of the nervous system allows cells of the immune system to enter and exit more freely?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Which cells form myelin in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?
Supporting and protecting neurons in the peripheral nervous system
Which part of the nervous system has white matter?
Central nervous system only
What is the main component of grey matter in the central nervous system?
Neuronal and glial cell bodies
What is a tract in the nervous system?
A collection of myelinated axons in the central nervous system
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receiving signals from other neurons
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling cranial skeletal muscles?
Somatic motor, cranial
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?
Maintaining homeostasis and regulating involuntary functions
Which nervous system is responsible for 'Fight or Flight' response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which neurotransmitter is majorly involved in the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Norepinephrine
Where are the ganglia located in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Closer to the target organs
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the 'PaNS control over pupillary muscles'?
CN III
Which nervous system is associated with 'Rest and Digest' response?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which nervous system controls the proximal GI tract and pupillary muscles?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which major cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control over salivary, tear glands'?
CN VII
Where do the efferents of the Vagus nerve reach in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Up to the proximal large bowel
Which nervous system increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and decreases blood flow to the GI tract?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which system is responsible for 'Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion'?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which nervous system decreases cardiac output and increases digestive function?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system'?
CN X
Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Axon
What is the site of an electrical phenomenon known as an action potential?
Axon hillock
Which type of neurons can be pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar?
Sensory neurons
Which type of neurons synapse with effectors such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
Motor neurons
Which system involves afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS?
Sensory system
What does sensation involve?
Perception at the level of the cortex
Which part of the neuron involves the detection of a stimulus?
Dendrites
What is crucial to action potential generation in myelinated axons?
Nodes of Ranvier
Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS?
Axon
What does the motor system control?
Voluntary and involuntary movements
What does the sensory system involve?
Afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS
What plays a crucial role in carrying various sensory information to the brain?
Cranial nerves
Which glial cell type in the central nervous system is responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons?
Schwann cells
What is the main function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
Removing cellular debris
Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
Surrounding and nourishing neuronal cell bodies
Which cells provide the myelin sheath for axons within peripheral nerves?
Schwann cells
What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
Forming myelin sheaths around axons
Which cells play a role in neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
What is the function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
Removing cellular debris
Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
What is the main function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
Surrounding and nourishing neuronal cell bodies
What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
Facilitating synapse formation
Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Study Notes
Neuroscience Overview
- Axons are arranged in the cell body, ensuring that dendritic and axonal components are directed to the right places
- The axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminals are sites of an electrical phenomenon known as an action potential, involving rapid depolarization of the cell membrane generated by specific ion channels
- Axons can be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS or oligodendrocytes in the CNS, with myelin sheaths separated by nodes of Ranvier crucial to action potential generation
- Neurons can be pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, with each type having distinct characteristics and functions
- The sensory system involves afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS, including special senses, somatic senses, and visceral sensory information
- Sensation involves the detection of a stimulus, transduction into an electrical impulse, processing by neurons in the CNS, and perception at the level of the cortex
- The cranial nerves play a crucial role in the sensory system, carrying various sensory information to the brain
- Somatic sensation below the neck involves skin receptors, joint and intra-muscular receptors, and visceral sensation from distal portions of the colon, bladder, and reproductive organs
- The motor system involves motor neurons synapsing with effectors such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and glands to produce motor responses
- The motor system includes somatic motor and visceral motor components, with efferent neurons carrying information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system
- The motor system controls voluntary and involuntary movements, including those of skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system
- The general organization of the sensory and motor systems involves complex pathways and regions in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System Histology: Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
- Basal nuclei are often referred to as basal ganglia, which contain axons, neuronal, and glial cell bodies.
- Glial cell types in the central nervous system include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
- Astrocytes play a critical role in CNS physiology, facilitating synapse formation and regulating ion concentration.
- Astrocytes are connected via gap junctions and play a role in neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity.
- Oligodendrocytes have many processes that wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths, increasing speed and efficiency of action potential conduction.
- Microglial cells remove cellular debris, monitor the environment, and can call in other white blood cells to fight pathogens.
- The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by roughly 150 mL of cerebrospinal fluid, which is formed from the choroid plexus.
- Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the lateral ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system, eventually being absorbed by arachnoid granulations.
- The blood-brain barrier protects the central nervous system from immune cells, toxins, and pathogens, with astrocytes playing a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the blood-nerve barrier, which is more permissive to the entrance of white blood cells than the blood-brain barrier.
- Schwann cells provide the myelin sheath for axons within peripheral nerves, differing from oligodendrocytes in their one-to-one axon-myelination relationship.
- Satellite cells surround and nourish neuronal cell bodies in ganglia, without establishing a "blood-ganglion barrier."
Test your knowledge of neuroscience and central nervous system histology with this quiz covering topics such as neuron types, sensory and motor systems, glial cell functions, and CNS physiology. Evaluate your understanding of axons, action potentials, sensory information processing, glial cell types, and the blood-brain barrier.
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