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Questions and Answers
Where are collections of neuronal cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Where are collections of neuronal cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is a distinguishing feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in comparison to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is a distinguishing feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in comparison to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What forms a relatively thin layer superficially in the brain?
What forms a relatively thin layer superficially in the brain?
Which part of the nervous system allows cells of the immune system to enter and exit more freely?
Which part of the nervous system allows cells of the immune system to enter and exit more freely?
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Which cells form myelin in the central nervous system?
Which cells form myelin in the central nervous system?
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What is the function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?
What is the function of Schwann cells in the nervous system?
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Which part of the nervous system has white matter?
Which part of the nervous system has white matter?
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What is the main component of grey matter in the central nervous system?
What is the main component of grey matter in the central nervous system?
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What is a tract in the nervous system?
What is a tract in the nervous system?
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What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling cranial skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling cranial skeletal muscles?
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?
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Which nervous system is responsible for 'Fight or Flight' response?
Which nervous system is responsible for 'Fight or Flight' response?
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Which neurotransmitter is majorly involved in the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Which neurotransmitter is majorly involved in the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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Where are the ganglia located in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Where are the ganglia located in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the 'PaNS control over pupillary muscles'?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the 'PaNS control over pupillary muscles'?
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Which nervous system is associated with 'Rest and Digest' response?
Which nervous system is associated with 'Rest and Digest' response?
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Which nervous system controls the proximal GI tract and pupillary muscles?
Which nervous system controls the proximal GI tract and pupillary muscles?
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Which major cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control over salivary, tear glands'?
Which major cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control over salivary, tear glands'?
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Where do the efferents of the Vagus nerve reach in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Where do the efferents of the Vagus nerve reach in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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Which nervous system increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and decreases blood flow to the GI tract?
Which nervous system increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and decreases blood flow to the GI tract?
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Which system is responsible for 'Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion'?
Which system is responsible for 'Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion'?
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Which nervous system decreases cardiac output and increases digestive function?
Which nervous system decreases cardiac output and increases digestive function?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system'?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for 'PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system'?
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Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
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What is the site of an electrical phenomenon known as an action potential?
What is the site of an electrical phenomenon known as an action potential?
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Which type of neurons can be pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar?
Which type of neurons can be pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar?
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Which type of neurons synapse with effectors such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
Which type of neurons synapse with effectors such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
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Which system involves afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS?
Which system involves afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS?
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What does sensation involve?
What does sensation involve?
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Which part of the neuron involves the detection of a stimulus?
Which part of the neuron involves the detection of a stimulus?
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What is crucial to action potential generation in myelinated axons?
What is crucial to action potential generation in myelinated axons?
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Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS?
Which part of the neuron can be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS?
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What does the motor system control?
What does the motor system control?
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What does the sensory system involve?
What does the sensory system involve?
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What plays a crucial role in carrying various sensory information to the brain?
What plays a crucial role in carrying various sensory information to the brain?
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Which glial cell type in the central nervous system is responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons?
Which glial cell type in the central nervous system is responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons?
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What is the main function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
What is the main function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
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Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
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What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which cells provide the myelin sheath for axons within peripheral nerves?
Which cells provide the myelin sheath for axons within peripheral nerves?
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What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
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Which cells play a role in neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity in the central nervous system?
Which cells play a role in neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity in the central nervous system?
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What is the function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
What is the function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?
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Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the main function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
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Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
Which cells play a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells to form the blood-brain barrier?
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Study Notes
Neuroscience Overview
- Axons are arranged in the cell body, ensuring that dendritic and axonal components are directed to the right places
- The axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminals are sites of an electrical phenomenon known as an action potential, involving rapid depolarization of the cell membrane generated by specific ion channels
- Axons can be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS or oligodendrocytes in the CNS, with myelin sheaths separated by nodes of Ranvier crucial to action potential generation
- Neurons can be pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, with each type having distinct characteristics and functions
- The sensory system involves afferent nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS, including special senses, somatic senses, and visceral sensory information
- Sensation involves the detection of a stimulus, transduction into an electrical impulse, processing by neurons in the CNS, and perception at the level of the cortex
- The cranial nerves play a crucial role in the sensory system, carrying various sensory information to the brain
- Somatic sensation below the neck involves skin receptors, joint and intra-muscular receptors, and visceral sensation from distal portions of the colon, bladder, and reproductive organs
- The motor system involves motor neurons synapsing with effectors such as skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and glands to produce motor responses
- The motor system includes somatic motor and visceral motor components, with efferent neurons carrying information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system
- The motor system controls voluntary and involuntary movements, including those of skeletal muscles and the autonomic nervous system
- The general organization of the sensory and motor systems involves complex pathways and regions in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System Histology: Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
- Basal nuclei are often referred to as basal ganglia, which contain axons, neuronal, and glial cell bodies.
- Glial cell types in the central nervous system include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
- Astrocytes play a critical role in CNS physiology, facilitating synapse formation and regulating ion concentration.
- Astrocytes are connected via gap junctions and play a role in neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity.
- Oligodendrocytes have many processes that wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths, increasing speed and efficiency of action potential conduction.
- Microglial cells remove cellular debris, monitor the environment, and can call in other white blood cells to fight pathogens.
- The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by roughly 150 mL of cerebrospinal fluid, which is formed from the choroid plexus.
- Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the lateral ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system, eventually being absorbed by arachnoid granulations.
- The blood-brain barrier protects the central nervous system from immune cells, toxins, and pathogens, with astrocytes playing a role in regulating capillary endothelial cells.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the blood-nerve barrier, which is more permissive to the entrance of white blood cells than the blood-brain barrier.
- Schwann cells provide the myelin sheath for axons within peripheral nerves, differing from oligodendrocytes in their one-to-one axon-myelination relationship.
- Satellite cells surround and nourish neuronal cell bodies in ganglia, without establishing a "blood-ganglion barrier."
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Description
Test your knowledge of neuroscience and central nervous system histology with this quiz covering topics such as neuron types, sensory and motor systems, glial cell functions, and CNS physiology. Evaluate your understanding of axons, action potentials, sensory information processing, glial cell types, and the blood-brain barrier.