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Questions and Answers
What is a primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is a primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is primarily released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is primarily released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which choice describes an action of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which choice describes an action of the parasympathetic nervous system?
In the autonomic nervous system, what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on blood pressure?
In the autonomic nervous system, what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on blood pressure?
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Which statement is true regarding the neurotransmitters released in the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement is true regarding the neurotransmitters released in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for establishing the action potential?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for establishing the action potential?
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Which type of neuron typically has a single short process that branches into two?
Which type of neuron typically has a single short process that branches into two?
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What role do nodes of Ranvier play in neuronal function?
What role do nodes of Ranvier play in neuronal function?
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Which characteristics are true regarding the structure of neurons?
Which characteristics are true regarding the structure of neurons?
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What is the main function of myelin in neural communication?
What is the main function of myelin in neural communication?
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What type of synapse consists of a presynaptic membrane, cleft, and postsynaptic membrane?
What type of synapse consists of a presynaptic membrane, cleft, and postsynaptic membrane?
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What is the estimated number of neurons in the adult human brain?
What is the estimated number of neurons in the adult human brain?
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Which type of neuron is typically involved in motor functions?
Which type of neuron is typically involved in motor functions?
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What does selective permeability of the neuronal membrane refer to?
What does selective permeability of the neuronal membrane refer to?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in a neuron?
Which structure is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in a neuron?
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What is the primary role of the Golgi complex in a neuron?
What is the primary role of the Golgi complex in a neuron?
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Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
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How do astrocytes contribute to neuronal health?
How do astrocytes contribute to neuronal health?
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Which statement about the blood-CNS barrier is accurate?
Which statement about the blood-CNS barrier is accurate?
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What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria in neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria in neurons?
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What role do kinesins play in neuronal function?
What role do kinesins play in neuronal function?
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Which of the following glial cells aids in the synthesis and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following glial cells aids in the synthesis and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?
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Which type of transport is utilized for amino acids and glucose across the blood-CNS barrier?
Which type of transport is utilized for amino acids and glucose across the blood-CNS barrier?
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What distinguishes Schwann cells from oligodendrocytes?
What distinguishes Schwann cells from oligodendrocytes?
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Which structure serves as the medium for chemical reactions within a neuron?
Which structure serves as the medium for chemical reactions within a neuron?
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What typically happens to a cut peripheral axon?
What typically happens to a cut peripheral axon?
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Which of the following statements about neurotransmitter release is correct?
Which of the following statements about neurotransmitter release is correct?
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What is the primary role of Schwann cells during neuron repair?
What is the primary role of Schwann cells during neuron repair?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the major divisions of the brain?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the major divisions of the brain?
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What is one of the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is one of the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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What happens in cases of congenital hydrocephalus?
What happens in cases of congenital hydrocephalus?
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Which part of the nervous system regulates motor function and suppresses excess movement?
Which part of the nervous system regulates motor function and suppresses excess movement?
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What layers compose the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
What layers compose the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the function of the thalamus in the forebrain?
What is the function of the thalamus in the forebrain?
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Which part of the midbrain is responsible for processing auditory signals?
Which part of the midbrain is responsible for processing auditory signals?
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How many layers of gray matter are typically found in the functional anatomy of the cortex?
How many layers of gray matter are typically found in the functional anatomy of the cortex?
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Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies for sensory input?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies for sensory input?
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following are components of the brainstem?
Which of the following are components of the brainstem?
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What structures are involved in the regulation of muscle tone and coordination of voluntary movements?
What structures are involved in the regulation of muscle tone and coordination of voluntary movements?
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Two major cell types: neurons and glia
- Neurons are highly specialized communication cells; estimated 86 billion in the human adult brain
- Dendrites: receive input
- Axon: transmits information
- Cell body (soma): contains the nucleus; involved in synthesis and metabolism
- Axon hillock: where the axon leaves the cell body
- Myelin: fatty coating around the axon, enhancing signal transmission; nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin
- Axon terminals: releases neurotransmitters into the synapse
- Synapse: structure for information transfer
- Glia: diverse functions; insulation, structural support, nutrient transport, waste removal; participate in information exchange
- Ependymal cells: line ventricles and central canal, associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synthesis and circulation
- Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin sheaths in the CNS
- Astrocytes: form blood-CNS barrier; trophic support for neurons; insulation for synapses
- Microglia: sample extracellular environment; participate in immune defense
- Radial glia: guide neuron migration during embryonic development; may differentiate into astrocytes later
- Satellite cells: similar to astrocytes but in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS); provide trophic support and insulation to PNS neurons
- Schwann cells: produce myelin sheaths in the PNS
Nervous System Divisions
- Basic anatomical directions: rostral (anterior), caudal (posterior), dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral, distal, proximal
- Major divisions of the CNS: brain, spinal cord
- Meninges: three layers of tough connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
- Ventricular system composed of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The Brain
- Major divisions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
- Forebrain: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
- Midbrain: tectum (superior and inferior colliculi), tegmentum (reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA))
- Hindbrain: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
- Components of the limbic system: thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, parts of hypothalamus, fornix and mammillary bodies
The Spinal Cord
- 31 spinal nerves: C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, соссух1
- Grey matter: interneurons, and motor neuron cell bodies
- White matter: sensory and motor tracts
Nervous System Functions
- Blood-CNS barrier: protects the brain from toxins, bacteria, and viruses
- CSF support and cushioning and waste removal
- Cranial nerves: 12 pairs of sensory and/or motor nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): thoracolumbar (fight-or-flight)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS): craniosacral (rest-and-digest)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic nervous system (controls skeletal muscles)
- Autonomic nervous system (controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands)
- Enteric nervous system (controls digestive system)
- Spinal nerves
- Cranial nerves
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Description
Explore the fundamental components and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in this quiz. Learn about the major cell types, including neurons and glia, and their roles in communication and support within the brain. Test your understanding of key structures such as dendrites, axons, and synapses.
