Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Decreased glucose release (correct)
  • Increased pulse rate
  • Dilated pupils
  • Bronchodilation

What neurotransmitter is primarily released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine

Which choice describes an action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Constricted muscle vasculature (correct)
  • Inhibited digestion

In the autonomic nervous system, what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on blood pressure?

<p>It increases blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the neurotransmitters released in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

<p>Input of information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for establishing the action potential?

<p>Axon hillock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron typically has a single short process that branches into two?

<p>Unipolar neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nodes of Ranvier play in neuronal function?

<p>Facilitate conduction of action potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics are true regarding the structure of neurons?

<p>Neurons can possess branching axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of myelin in neural communication?

<p>Provide insulation and increase conduction speed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse consists of a presynaptic membrane, cleft, and postsynaptic membrane?

<p>Chemical synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of neurons in the adult human brain?

<p>86 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is typically involved in motor functions?

<p>Motor neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selective permeability of the neuronal membrane refer to?

<p>Some molecules can freely cross the membrane while others cannot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in a neuron?

<p>Ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Golgi complex in a neuron?

<p>Packaging proteins for transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do astrocytes contribute to neuronal health?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the blood-CNS barrier is accurate?

<p>O2 and CO2 can pass freely through it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system?

<p>Immune defense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria in neurons?

<p>Protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do kinesins play in neuronal function?

<p>Anterograde transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glial cells aids in the synthesis and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Ependymal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport is utilized for amino acids and glucose across the blood-CNS barrier?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Schwann cells from oligodendrocytes?

<p>Location in PNS vs CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the medium for chemical reactions within a neuron?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to a cut peripheral axon?

<p>The attached portion dies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitter release is correct?

<p>Vesicles are crucial for packaging and release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Schwann cells during neuron repair?

<p>To form new myelin along the axon's former path (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the major divisions of the brain?

<p>Popliteal fossa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Support and cushion the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in cases of congenital hydrocephalus?

<p>The head expands if it occurs in childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system regulates motor function and suppresses excess movement?

<p>Basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layers compose the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in the forebrain?

<p>Acts as a relay for sensory and motor signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the midbrain is responsible for processing auditory signals?

<p>Inferior colliculus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many layers of gray matter are typically found in the functional anatomy of the cortex?

<p>6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies for sensory input?

<p>Dorsal horns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>To regulate involuntary bodily functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are components of the brainstem?

<p>Pons and medulla oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are involved in the regulation of muscle tone and coordination of voluntary movements?

<p>Basal ganglia and cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, often referred to as the 'rest-and-digest' system, is responsible for slowing down bodily functions and promoting relaxation.

Parasympathetic Effects

The parasympathetic nervous system causes effects such as decreased heart rate, lower blood pressure, constricted pupils, increased digestion, and decreased glucose release.

Sympathetic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters

The sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons and norepinephrine for postganglionic neurons.

Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system is a specialized network of neurons within the digestive tract, responsible for controlling digestion independently of the central nervous system.

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Christopher Reeve and the Peripheral Nervous System

Christopher Reeve's spinal cord injury highlights the critical role of the peripheral nervous system in controlling bodily functions, and it underscores the immense potential for advancements in medical science to address such injuries.

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What are the two main cell types in the nervous system?

The nervous system is composed of neurons and glia. Neurons are specialized for communication, while glia support and protect neurons.

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What is the function of the cell body (soma)?

The soma is the main part of a neuron containing the nucleus. It's responsible for synthesizing proteins, generating energy, and carrying out metabolic processes essential for the neuron's function.

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What are dendrites?

Dendrites are thin, branching fibers extending from the cell body. They receive information from other neurons via synapses and transmit it towards the cell body.

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What is the function of the axon?

The axon is a long, thin extension that carries electrical impulses (action potentials) away from the cell body towards other neurons or target tissues.

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What is the axon hillock?

The axon hillock is the junction between the cell body and the axon. It is responsible for generating action potentials by integrating incoming signals from the dendrites.

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What is myelin?

Myelin is a fatty coating that wraps around the axon, providing insulation and increasing the speed of signal transmission.

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What are nodes of Ranvier?

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon. They allow for faster signal transmission by allowing the action potential to jump from node to node.

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What are axon terminals?

Axon terminals are swellings at the end of axon branches. They contain neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse to communicate with other neurons.

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What is the role of the synapse?

The synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs. It consists of the presynaptic membrane, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane.

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What are the different types of neurons?

Neurons come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Examples include unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, Purkinje, and interneurons. Their specific structures reflect their specialized functions.

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Cell Membrane

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells, regulating what enters and exits. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

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Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell that contains all the organelles, providing a medium for chemical reactions.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and responsible for encoding and transcribing mRNA.

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Ribosomes

Tiny organelles responsible for translating mRNA into proteins.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranous channels involved in protein synthesis and transport (rough ER) or fat synthesis and transport (smooth ER).

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Golgi Complex

A stack of flattened membranous sacs involved in packaging and modifying proteins for transport.

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Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport, store, and release substances within and outside the cell.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for energy storage and release in the form of ATP.

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Microtubules and Filaments

Tubulin/actin/protein polymers involved in the transport of substances within the cell.

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Kinesins

Motor proteins that move substances in an anterograde direction (away from the cell body) along microtubules.

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Dyneins

Motor proteins that move substances in a retrograde direction (towards the cell body) along microtubules.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

A protective barrier formed by astrocytes, regulating the passage of substances from the bloodstream to the CNS

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Glia

Various cells that provide support, insulation, and other functions to neurons, playing a role in information exchange and immune defense.

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Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells responsible for the blood-brain barrier, providing nourishment to neurons and insulating synapses and Nodes of Ranvier.

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Microglia

Immune cells in the brain that engulf and remove waste and invaders, protecting the CNS from harmful substances.

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Schwann cell regeneration

When a myelin sheath is damaged, Schwann cells shrink and divide to form new glial cells along the axon's path. The neuron then sends out axon sprouts, one of which finds the Schwann cell path and becomes a new neuron. Schwann cells then envelope the new axon, forming new myelin.

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Myelination of axons in the PNS

Schwann cells wrap around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to form the myelin sheath, which insulates the axon and speeds up nerve impulse conduction.

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Myelination of axons in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes wrap around axons in the central nervous system (CNS) to form the myelin sheath, which insulates the axon and speeds up nerve impulse conduction.

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Contralateral

Referring to the opposite side of the body.

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Ipsilateral

Referring to the same side of the body.

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Proximal

Referring to a location closer to the point of attachment or origin.

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Distal

Referring to a location farther away from the point of attachment or origin.

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Coronal plane

A plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.

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Somatic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for involuntary control of internal organs, glands, and smooth muscles.

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Sympathetic nervous system

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy expenditure.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest-and-digest' functions, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and increasing digestion.

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Meninges

Protective layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid that circulates within the ventricular system, providing support and cushioning for the brain and spinal cord, and transporting waste.

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Hydrocephalus

A condition caused by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, leading to increased pressure. If it occurs in childhood, the head may expand; in adults, it may not.

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Study Notes

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Two major cell types: neurons and glia
  • Neurons are highly specialized communication cells; estimated 86 billion in the human adult brain
    • Dendrites: receive input
    • Axon: transmits information
    • Cell body (soma): contains the nucleus; involved in synthesis and metabolism
    • Axon hillock: where the axon leaves the cell body
    • Myelin: fatty coating around the axon, enhancing signal transmission; nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin
    • Axon terminals: releases neurotransmitters into the synapse
    • Synapse: structure for information transfer
  • Glia: diverse functions; insulation, structural support, nutrient transport, waste removal; participate in information exchange
    • Ependymal cells: line ventricles and central canal, associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synthesis and circulation
    • Oligodendrocytes: produce myelin sheaths in the CNS
    • Astrocytes: form blood-CNS barrier; trophic support for neurons; insulation for synapses
    • Microglia: sample extracellular environment; participate in immune defense
    • Radial glia: guide neuron migration during embryonic development; may differentiate into astrocytes later
    • Satellite cells: similar to astrocytes but in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS); provide trophic support and insulation to PNS neurons
    • Schwann cells: produce myelin sheaths in the PNS

Nervous System Divisions

  • Basic anatomical directions: rostral (anterior), caudal (posterior), dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral, distal, proximal
  • Major divisions of the CNS: brain, spinal cord
  • Meninges: three layers of tough connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
  • Ventricular system composed of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

The Brain

  • Major divisions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
  • Forebrain: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
  • Midbrain: tectum (superior and inferior colliculi), tegmentum (reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA))
  • Hindbrain: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
  • Components of the limbic system: thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, parts of hypothalamus, fornix and mammillary bodies

The Spinal Cord

  • 31 spinal nerves: C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, соссух1
  • Grey matter: interneurons, and motor neuron cell bodies
  • White matter: sensory and motor tracts

Nervous System Functions

  • Blood-CNS barrier: protects the brain from toxins, bacteria, and viruses
  • CSF support and cushioning and waste removal
  • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs of sensory and/or motor nerves

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): thoracolumbar (fight-or-flight)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS): craniosacral (rest-and-digest)

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Somatic nervous system (controls skeletal muscles)
  • Autonomic nervous system (controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands)
  • Enteric nervous system (controls digestive system)
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves

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Description

Explore the fundamental components and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in this quiz. Learn about the major cell types, including neurons and glia, and their roles in communication and support within the brain. Test your understanding of key structures such as dendrites, axons, and synapses.

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