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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended vaccination for all canids, mustelids, viverrids, procyonids, ursids, hyenids, and some felids?
What is the recommended vaccination for exotic felids?
Which animals should be checked for lungworm and liver fluke 1-2x yearly through commercial laboratories familiar with domestic hoofstock faecal analysis?
Which vaccines may be used as killed vaccines for most carnivores, suids, and some ungulates?
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Which human-based vaccines have been used widely in primates, particularly great apes?
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What is the recommended parasite detection and treatment regime for zoological collections?
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Which contraception methods are recommended for carnivores and primates?
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What is the preferred drug to reverse etorphine in zoo animals due to its longer half-life?
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Which disease is common in all species of artiodactyls?
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What is the recommended vaccine for susceptible Artiodactyl hoofstock in endemic areas for Johnes disease?
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What is the recommended anesthesia for orangutans?
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What is capture myopathy and what can cause it?
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Which vaccines may be used as killed vaccines for most carnivores, suids, and some ungulates?
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Which contraception methods are recommended for carnivores and primates?
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What is the preferred drug to reverse etorphine in zoo animals due to its longer half-life?
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What is the recommended anesthesia for orangutans?
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What is capture myopathy and what can cause it?
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What type of vaccine is recommended for feline panleuocopaenia, feline herpes, feline calicivirus, and feline chlamydophila for exotic felids?
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What is the recommended contraception method for carnivores and primates?
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What is the recommended emergency stop-gap vaccine for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?
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What is the preferred drug to reverse etorphine in rhinos?
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What is the recommended anesthesia for orangutans?
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What disease is common in all species of artiodactyls?
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What is the recommended parasite detection and treatment regime for zoological collections?
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What is the recommended microbial faecal check for pathogenic bacteria prior to entrance to a collection?
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What is the recommended emergency response plan for a zoological collection in case of animal escape?
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What is the common name for the family of animals that includes hyenas?
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Which family of animals includes raccoons and coatis?
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What is the recommended vaccination for exotic felids?
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Which family of animals includes otters and weasels?
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Which family of animals includes mongooses and civets?
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Which family of animals includes bears?
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Which family of animals includes red pandas?
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Which family of animals includes meerkats and suricates?
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Which family of animals includes the binturong, also known as the bearcat?
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Which animals should be checked for lungworm and liver fluke 1-2x yearly through commercial laboratories familiar with domestic hoofstock faecal analysis?
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Which family of animals includes the aardwolf?
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Which family of animals includes the fossa?
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Study Notes
Zoo Health Management: Preventative Measures and Vaccination Programs
-
The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria coordinates conservation breeding in its member zoos through the Joint Management of Species Committee.
-
The federation is a charity that promotes sound zoo animal practice and enforces minimum standards.
-
Most zoos in the EU are members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, which runs breeding programs for highly endangered species through the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP).
-
Each EEP or Taxonomy Advisory Group (TAG) should have a veterinary advisor, but some don't due to a shortage of zoo veterinarians.
-
A sensible parasite detection and treatment regime for zoological collections involves a 3-4x yearly faecal screen for endoparasites, including a wet preparation and saturated salt flotation analysis.
-
Hoofstock in endemic areas should be checked for lungworm and liver fluke 1-2x yearly through commercial laboratories familiar with domestic hoofstock faecal analysis.
-
Microbial faecal checks for pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia spp. should be performed prior to entrance to a collection and repeated only if medically indicated.
-
Vaccination programs for exotic animals depend on geographical location, species makeup, previous disease history, and individual animal history, as well as the availability of suitable vaccines.
-
Distemper vaccines are recommended for all canids, mustelids, viverrids, procyonids, ursids, hyenids, and some felids and should be a killed vaccine where possible.
-
Feline panleuocopaenia, feline herpes, feline calicivirus, and feline chlamydophila vaccines are recommended for exotic felids and should be killed vaccines where no licensed product exists.
-
Leptospira vaccines may be used as killed vaccines for most carnivores, suids, and some ungulates, and it is generally advised that exotic canids be vaccinated routinely.
-
The UK is officially rabies-free, but ferrets may be vaccinated with rabies vaccine as part of the pet passport scheme, and clostridial vaccines may be used off-license as per the cascade where a problem has been identified.Contraception and Vaccinations for Exotic Animals
-
Commercial vaccines are available for Schmallenberg disease in cattle and sheep, but there is currently no evidence of a need to vaccinate zoo animals.
-
Domestic equid licensed tetanus vaccines can be used for exotic equids, and multivalent flu/tetanus vaccines may be used for equine herpesvirus.
-
Killed vaccines, such as Porcilis Ery vaccine, may be used for erysipelas septicaemia in ratites, primates, and exotic suids.
-
Pseudovac® vaccine from Utrecht University can be used as an emergency stop-gap for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, but a more effective autogenous vaccine may be created if the bacterium can be isolated from an outbreak.
-
In endemic areas for Johnes disease, vaccination of susceptible Artiodactyl hoofstock may be advisable using a commercial vaccine available from veterinary wholesalers in the UK.
-
Human-based vaccines, including Hepatitis B, Measles, Rubella, Tetanus, Pertussis and Streptococcal meningitis vaccines, have been used widely in primates, particularly great apes.
-
Faecal testing programs are advisable, and opportunistic sampling can allow for basic haematological and biochemistry assessments.
-
Health checks of specific individuals with known problems or suspected problems should be planned for, and health checks of groups of animals can be tied in with annual events.
-
A veterinary health check request should be made for animals prior to entry into a collection, and pre-movement health checks are necessary in Balai registered facilities.
-
Contraception methods for hoofstock include castration, vasectomy, and GnRH vaccines, and for carnivores and primates, castration/ovariohysterectomy, vasectomy, and GnRH agonists.
-
Pseudopregnancy, endometrial hyperplasia, and pyometra may be associated with the use of GnRH agonists in female canids, and liver side-effects may occur with medroxyprogesterone acetate.
-
Contraception methods for marsupials include castration/ovariohysterectomy and GnRH agonists, and for primates, castration/ovariohysterectomy, vasectomy, tubal ligation, human pills, and deslorelin.Emergency Response Plans and Anaesthetic Doses for Escaped Carnivores and Hoofstock in Zoo Medicine
-
Zoological collections should have basic plans in place for disease outbreaks within the collection as part of the zoo licensing and compliance.
-
A standardised escape protocol should exist as part of the preventative health and safety programs for a zoological collection.
-
The anaesthetic doses for carnivore escapes vary based on species and weight ranges.
-
Medetomidine and ketamine combinations do not work well in exotic equids, and naltrexone is preferred to reverse etorphine in rhinos.
-
Hyaluronidase 300iu is used to hasten drug onset via IM administration in cervids.
-
Reverse medetomidine with 5x dose of atipamezole in mg/kg in elk.
-
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-provera®) is not currently recommended for use in birds due to side-effects on liver function.
-
GnRH agonist Deslorelin subcutaneous implants (Suprelorin®) (9.4mg) have been used successfully in many species of birds to prevent reproduction and compulsive egglaying.
-
Surgical neutering is not generally recommended for birds and reptiles.
-
Table 6 provides anaesthetic doses for carnivore escapes, and Table 7 provides anaesthetic doses for hoofstock escapes.
-
Emergency response plans should include capturing escaped animals and moving members of the public to safe, enclosed areas.
-
Debriefs and lessons learned should occur post-event within a few days of the event.Anesthesia and Disease in Zoo Animals
-
Administering haloperidol prior to darting can reduce stress and facilitate anesthesia in antelopes.
-
Different species require different combinations and dosages of drugs for anesthesia, such as medetomidine and ketamine for caprids/ovids and etorphine and xylazine for greater kudu.
-
Naltrexone is the preferred drug to reverse etorphine due to its longer half-life, but diprenorphine may also be used.
-
Large doses of medetomidine and ketamine are often required for flighty and resilient animals.
-
Arabian oryx require 60-100mg/kg of anesthesia, while banteng require 300-800mg/kg.
-
Primates require different anesthetics, such as medetomidine and tiletamine/zolazepam for orangutans and diazepam and tiletamine/zolazepam for chimpanzees.
-
There are specific diseases that affect different zoo animal species, such as actinobacillus equuli in equidae and tapiridae, and leptospirosis in all species.
-
Capture myopathy is a risk for all species and can be caused by acidosis, potassium and myoglobin release, and cardiac arrhythmias.
-
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is common in artiodactyls, while EEHV is a common disease in elephants.
-
Foot rot is a common disease in all species of artiodactyls.
-
Mycobacteriosis is a disease that affects many species, including perissodactyls and artiodactyls.
-
Vitamins E and A deficiencies can lead to various diseases in zoo animals, such as Yersiniosis in rhinos and white muscle disease in antilocapridae and camelidae.
Zoo Health Management: Preventative Measures and Vaccination Programs
-
The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria coordinates conservation breeding in its member zoos through the Joint Management of Species Committee.
-
The federation is a charity that promotes sound zoo animal practice and enforces minimum standards.
-
Most zoos in the EU are members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, which runs breeding programs for highly endangered species through the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP).
-
Each EEP or Taxonomy Advisory Group (TAG) should have a veterinary advisor, but some don't due to a shortage of zoo veterinarians.
-
A sensible parasite detection and treatment regime for zoological collections involves a 3-4x yearly faecal screen for endoparasites, including a wet preparation and saturated salt flotation analysis.
-
Hoofstock in endemic areas should be checked for lungworm and liver fluke 1-2x yearly through commercial laboratories familiar with domestic hoofstock faecal analysis.
-
Microbial faecal checks for pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia spp. should be performed prior to entrance to a collection and repeated only if medically indicated.
-
Vaccination programs for exotic animals depend on geographical location, species makeup, previous disease history, and individual animal history, as well as the availability of suitable vaccines.
-
Distemper vaccines are recommended for all canids, mustelids, viverrids, procyonids, ursids, hyenids, and some felids and should be a killed vaccine where possible.
-
Feline panleuocopaenia, feline herpes, feline calicivirus, and feline chlamydophila vaccines are recommended for exotic felids and should be killed vaccines where no licensed product exists.
-
Leptospira vaccines may be used as killed vaccines for most carnivores, suids, and some ungulates, and it is generally advised that exotic canids be vaccinated routinely.
-
The UK is officially rabies-free, but ferrets may be vaccinated with rabies vaccine as part of the pet passport scheme, and clostridial vaccines may be used off-license as per the cascade where a problem has been identified.Contraception and Vaccinations for Exotic Animals
-
Commercial vaccines are available for Schmallenberg disease in cattle and sheep, but there is currently no evidence of a need to vaccinate zoo animals.
-
Domestic equid licensed tetanus vaccines can be used for exotic equids, and multivalent flu/tetanus vaccines may be used for equine herpesvirus.
-
Killed vaccines, such as Porcilis Ery vaccine, may be used for erysipelas septicaemia in ratites, primates, and exotic suids.
-
Pseudovac® vaccine from Utrecht University can be used as an emergency stop-gap for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, but a more effective autogenous vaccine may be created if the bacterium can be isolated from an outbreak.
-
In endemic areas for Johnes disease, vaccination of susceptible Artiodactyl hoofstock may be advisable using a commercial vaccine available from veterinary wholesalers in the UK.
-
Human-based vaccines, including Hepatitis B, Measles, Rubella, Tetanus, Pertussis and Streptococcal meningitis vaccines, have been used widely in primates, particularly great apes.
-
Faecal testing programs are advisable, and opportunistic sampling can allow for basic haematological and biochemistry assessments.
-
Health checks of specific individuals with known problems or suspected problems should be planned for, and health checks of groups of animals can be tied in with annual events.
-
A veterinary health check request should be made for animals prior to entry into a collection, and pre-movement health checks are necessary in Balai registered facilities.
-
Contraception methods for hoofstock include castration, vasectomy, and GnRH vaccines, and for carnivores and primates, castration/ovariohysterectomy, vasectomy, and GnRH agonists.
-
Pseudopregnancy, endometrial hyperplasia, and pyometra may be associated with the use of GnRH agonists in female canids, and liver side-effects may occur with medroxyprogesterone acetate.
-
Contraception methods for marsupials include castration/ovariohysterectomy and GnRH agonists, and for primates, castration/ovariohysterectomy, vasectomy, tubal ligation, human pills, and deslorelin.Emergency Response Plans and Anaesthetic Doses for Escaped Carnivores and Hoofstock in Zoo Medicine
-
Zoological collections should have basic plans in place for disease outbreaks within the collection as part of the zoo licensing and compliance.
-
A standardised escape protocol should exist as part of the preventative health and safety programs for a zoological collection.
-
The anaesthetic doses for carnivore escapes vary based on species and weight ranges.
-
Medetomidine and ketamine combinations do not work well in exotic equids, and naltrexone is preferred to reverse etorphine in rhinos.
-
Hyaluronidase 300iu is used to hasten drug onset via IM administration in cervids.
-
Reverse medetomidine with 5x dose of atipamezole in mg/kg in elk.
-
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-provera®) is not currently recommended for use in birds due to side-effects on liver function.
-
GnRH agonist Deslorelin subcutaneous implants (Suprelorin®) (9.4mg) have been used successfully in many species of birds to prevent reproduction and compulsive egglaying.
-
Surgical neutering is not generally recommended for birds and reptiles.
-
Table 6 provides anaesthetic doses for carnivore escapes, and Table 7 provides anaesthetic doses for hoofstock escapes.
-
Emergency response plans should include capturing escaped animals and moving members of the public to safe, enclosed areas.
-
Debriefs and lessons learned should occur post-event within a few days of the event.Anesthesia and Disease in Zoo Animals
-
Administering haloperidol prior to darting can reduce stress and facilitate anesthesia in antelopes.
-
Different species require different combinations and dosages of drugs for anesthesia, such as medetomidine and ketamine for caprids/ovids and etorphine and xylazine for greater kudu.
-
Naltrexone is the preferred drug to reverse etorphine due to its longer half-life, but diprenorphine may also be used.
-
Large doses of medetomidine and ketamine are often required for flighty and resilient animals.
-
Arabian oryx require 60-100mg/kg of anesthesia, while banteng require 300-800mg/kg.
-
Primates require different anesthetics, such as medetomidine and tiletamine/zolazepam for orangutans and diazepam and tiletamine/zolazepam for chimpanzees.
-
There are specific diseases that affect different zoo animal species, such as actinobacillus equuli in equidae and tapiridae, and leptospirosis in all species.
-
Capture myopathy is a risk for all species and can be caused by acidosis, potassium and myoglobin release, and cardiac arrhythmias.
-
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is common in artiodactyls, while EEHV is a common disease in elephants.
-
Foot rot is a common disease in all species of artiodactyls.
-
Mycobacteriosis is a disease that affects many species, including perissodactyls and artiodactyls.
-
Vitamins E and A deficiencies can lead to various diseases in zoo animals, such as Yersiniosis in rhinos and white muscle disease in antilocapridae and camelidae.
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Description
Test your knowledge on zoo health management with this informative quiz! From preventative measures and vaccination programs to emergency response plans and anesthesia dosages, this quiz covers a range of topics related to keeping animals healthy and safe in zoological collections. Learn about specific diseases that affect different species, contraception methods, and the best drugs to use for anesthesia in various animals. With practical information and useful tips, this quiz is a must-take for anyone interested in zoo medicine and animal welfare.
