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• This booklet contains extracts from examination guidelines, definitions, summaries, notes, and practice questions, including multiple-choice and structured types.
• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) assess understanding of concepts when used properly.
• Address key aspects and concepts in the section.
• When answering MCQs, consider why the incorrect options are wrong and develop skills in answering them by eliminating obviously incorrect answers.
• Eliminate statements or items that are obviously wrong first.
• Use the STRUCTURED QUESTIONS to address the aspects pertaining to free fall.
• Worked solutions are provided for practice questions.
• Attempt the questions before looking at the solutions.

Study and Examination Tips:

• Success requires planning six months before the exam or from the beginning of the year.
• Study timetable.
• Revise all material systematically, including Grade 10 and Grade 11 work for Physical Sciences and Mathematics.
• Study for 3-4 hours daily during school time and 5-7 hours on weekends/holidays in 50-minute blocks with 10-minute breaks.
• Stick to the timetable, avoid procrastination, complete homework, read notes/textbook, write summaries, memorise definitions.
• Eat healthily, get enough sleep, and exercise daily for 20 minutes to keep the mind fresh.
• Studying through the night is less effective than sleeping to fix learning into long-term memory.
• Ask "why" questions to integrate new facts by encouraging you to integrate a new fact with things already known, and to improve memory.
• Explain to learn.
• After answering a problem or reading, explain its meaning and connections.
• Actively test memory to improve learning.
• Use online tests and textbook questions, checking answers but without merely reading them.
• Memorise definitions, terms, and laws, as they are the vocabulary .
• Understanding involves understanding and remembering.
• Understanding concepts and terms
• Repetition (verbal or written) aids memorisation.
• Focus on context and meaning.
• Mnemonic devices are word tools to help you remember.
• Acronyms like ROYGBIV.
• Acrostics are sentences using the first letter of words or a list.
• Chunking / grouping for memorising info.
• Link memorised material with images, senses, and personal circumstances.
• Draw mindmaps to explore connections.
• Highlight key words in definitions.
• Write out, then progressively erase words as you commit them to memory.
• Work together with another - define concepts, give clues.
• Sleep is crucial for memory.
• Practise questions from previous examination papers and following careful note of all instructions

Exam Venue Tips

• Read all instructions, avoid skipping questions, and manage time well.
• Divide the allocated time by the total marks to gauge the time per mark, aiming for about 1 mark per minute in Physical Sciences.
• Check the working against memos and retry.
• Understand and answer, for this is more important than getting the answer right.
• Work with friends to understand.
• Calmly read through all instructions at the beginning and Write all details on the answer sheet.
• Underline key words, notes, and Capitalized words.
• Don't spend too much time on any one question.
• Number the answers correctly.
• Set the answers clearly and legibly and space them out.

Vertical Projectile Motion:

• Projectile Motion in One Dimension (1 D)
• Projectiles are objects upon which the only force acting is the force of gravity.
• Use equations of motion to determine the position, velocity, and displacement of a projectile.
• Sketch position vs time (x vs t), velocity vs time (v vs t), and acceleration vs time (a vs t) graphs and use to determine position/displacement and the velocity/acceleration.
• Describe bouncing, throw upwards or thrown downwards for graphs.

Grade 10 Definitions of Motion:

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• Average speed is the total distance travelled per unit of time.
• Average velocity is the total displacement per unit of time.
• Displacement is the change in position of an object from a point of reference.
• Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object.
• A frame of reference is a set of axes from which position/motion is measured.
• Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific moment.
• Position is the place occupied by an object relative to an origin.
• Speed is the rate of change of distance.
• Velocity is the rate of change of position.

Grade 12 Definitions:

• A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is the force of gravity.
• Free fall (motion) occurs when the only force acting on an object is gravity.

Equations of Motion (Old and New Symbols):

• Includes a table of motion equations using old and new symbols.
• Steps and what to to when using these equations

Steps for Using Equations:

• Draw a diagram of the object's motion.
• Identify stages where acceleration changes.
• Choose a consistently used positive direction.
• Write given information with units and directions.
• Select the correct equation.
• Include units and direction in your answers.

Reminders

• 'Starting from rest' means: u or v = 0 i
• 'Comes to a stop' means: v or v = 0 f
• 'Slowing down' means acceleration is negative (a < 0) while moving in a positive direction.
• Constant velocity' means: a = 0, u = v or v₁ = V Use new variables for each stage of motion.
• Conversion of units: 1 m.s-1 = 3.6 km.h-1.

Special Notes on Graphs

• Position vs Time, Velocity vs Time, Acceleration vs Time: Graphs of motion for an object at rest, moving at constant acceleration, and variable acceleration, with displacement-time graphs.

Vertical Projectile Motion Explained

• A projectile moves freely under gravity, uninfluenced by mechanisms.
• In free fall, objects may move upwards or downwards.
• The gravitational force is the only force acting, in the absence of friction in a free-falling body.
• Gravity acts downward always.
• A projectile moving upward slows down.
• A projectile moving downward speeds up.
• Free-falling bodies accelerate due to gravity and all free-falling bodies all have 9,8 m·s-2 downward.
• Ignoring air resistance and friction, objects released from the same height simultaneously.
• Momentum/kinetic energy differences between the object come as a result from mass differences.
• Different release heights result in same acceleartion but different impact times/velocities.

Forces on a Projectile Path Analysis:

• Projectile motion paths have 4 sections.
• Dropped projectiles fall in sections C and D only.
• Thrown upwards that falls on a roof sections A to C

Graphs

• Displacement-time, velocity-time, acceleration-time graphs help when trying to understand motion.
• These can be integrated and compared.
• If it moves upwards is the positive direction - then g is negative
• If it moves upwards is the positive direction - then g is positive

Projectile Examples and Graph Interpretation:

• Includes examples of projectile motion, like objects dropped, thrown down, or thrown up from a height.
• Describes velocity, and acceleration in each example with each point.
• The direction of movement is determined by the sign (positive or negative) of velocity.
• The gradient of the function represent acceleration of the ball.
• Suggests that It stops on the apex, it was most likely caught

Special Projectile Paths:

• Hot Air Balloon: When dropping the object out of a hot air balloon - the the initial velocity is is equal to that of the reference. The acceleration of the new object when falling is 9,8 m-s-2 downwards .

Lift Example

• A lift moving upwards or downwards.
• You have to resolve this using simultaneous equations.

Bouncing Ball

• On the way down it is positive
• If it is inelastic energy is not converved, so speed and trajectory will be slower etc.

Practice Questions

• A ball is vertically upwards
• Ignore ignore air resistance and find which point describes the ball.
• What is the velocity, the forces and many many calculations.